Understanding LINQ to SQL (10) Implementing LINQ to SQL Provider

Tuesday, May 11, 2010

.NET C# LINQ LINQ to SQL LINQ via C# Series TSQL

So far LINQ to SQL data CRUD (Creating / Retrieving / Updating / Deleting) has been explained. This post takes a deeper look at the internal implementation of LINQ to SQL query.

The provider model

Unlike IEnumerable / IEnumerable<T>, the IQueryable / IQueryable<T> need a query provider:

namespace System.Linq
{
    public interface IQueryable : IEnumerable
    {
        Type ElementType { get; }

        Expression Expression { get; }

        IQueryProvider Provider { get; }
    }

    public interface IQueryable<out T> : IEnumerable<T>, IQueryable, IEnumerable
    {
    }
}

And this is the definition of IQueryProvider:

namespace System.Linq
{
    public interface IQueryProvider
    {
        IQueryable CreateQuery(Expression expression);

        IQueryable<TElement> CreateQuery<TElement>(Expression expression);

        object Execute(Expression expression);

        TResult Execute<TResult>(Expression expression);
    }
}

Yes, IQueryable / IQueryable<T> are much more complex than IEnumerable / IEnumerable<T>, because they are supposed to work against non-.NET data source, like SQL Server database, etc.

Please also notice IOrderedQueryable and IOrderedQueryable<T>:

namespace System.Linq
{
    // The same as IQueryable.
    public interface IOrderedQueryable : IQueryable, IEnumerable
    {
    }
    
    // The same as IQueryable<T>.
    public interface IOrderedQueryable<out T> : IOrderedQueryable,
                                                IQueryable<T>, IQueryable,
                                                IEnumerable<T>, IEnumerable
    {
    }
}

They are the same as IQueryable and IQueryable<T>, and just used to represent an ordering query, like OrderBy(), etc.

Implement IQueryable<T> and IOrderedQueryable<T>

The best way to understand these interfaces is just creating IQueryable / IQueryable<T> objects, and examining how they work and query data from SQL Server.

This is one simple implementation:

public class Queryable<TSource> : IOrderedQueryable<TSource>
{
    public Queryable(IQueryProvider provider, IQueryable<TSource> innerSource)
    {
        this.Provider = provider;
        this.Expression = Expression.Constant(innerSource);
    }

    public Queryable(IQueryProvider provider, Expression expression)
    {
        this.Provider = provider;
        this.Expression = expression;
    }

    #region IEnumerable<TSource> Members

    public IEnumerator<TSource> GetEnumerator()
    {
        return this.Provider.Execute<IEnumerable<TSource>>(this.Expression).GetEnumerator();
    }

    #endregion

    #region IEnumerable Members

    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
    {
        return this.GetEnumerator();
    }

    #endregion

    #region IQueryable Members

    public Type ElementType
    {
        get
        {
            return typeof(TSource);
        }
    }

    public Expression Expression
    {
        get;
        private set;
    }

    public IQueryProvider Provider
    {
        get;
        private set;
    }

    #endregion
}

Since Queryable<TSource> implements IOrderedQueryable<T>, it also implements IQeryable<TSource>, IQeryable and IOrderedQueryable.

There is not too much things. The most important method is GetEnumerator(). When a Queryable<TSource> object is iterated to traverse the data items, it simply asks its query provider to execute its expression to retrieve an IEnumerable<TSource> object, and return that object’s iterator.

Implement IQueryProvider

So the actual SQL query implantation is in the query provider:

public class QueryProvider : IQueryProvider
{
    // Translates LINQ query to SQL.
    private readonly Func<IQueryable, DbCommand> _translator;

    // Executes the translated SQL and retrieves results.
    private readonly Func<Type, string, object[], IEnumerable> _executor;

    public QueryProvider(
        Func<IQueryable, DbCommand> translator,
        Func<Type, string, object[], IEnumerable> executor)
    {
        this._translator = translator;
        this._executor = executor;
    }

    #region IQueryProvider Members

    public IQueryable<TElement> CreateQuery<TElement>(Expression expression)
    {
        return new Queryable<TElement>(this, expression);
    }

    public IQueryable CreateQuery(Expression expression)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    public TResult Execute<TResult>(Expression expression)
    {
        bool isCollection = typeof(TResult).IsGenericType &&
            typeof(TResult).GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IEnumerable<>);
        Type itemType = isCollection
            // TResult is an IEnumerable`1 collection.
            ? typeof(TResult).GetGenericArguments().Single()
            // TResult is not an IEnumerable`1 collection, but a single item.
            : typeof(TResult);
        IQueryable queryable = Activator.CreateInstance(
            typeof(Queryable<>).MakeGenericType(itemType), this, expression) as IQueryable;

        IEnumerable queryResult;

        // Translates LINQ query to SQL.
        using (DbCommand command = this._translator(queryable))
        {
            // Executes the transalted SQL.
            queryResult = this._executor(
                itemType,
                command.CommandText,
                command.Parameters.OfType<DbParameter>()
                                  .Select(parameter => parameter.Value)
                                  .ToArray());
        }

        return isCollection
            ? (TResult)queryResult // Returns an IEnumerable`1 collection.
            : queryResult.OfType<TResult>()
                         .SingleOrDefault(); // Returns a single item.
    }

    public object Execute(Expression expression)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    #endregion
}

QueryProvider must be initialized with a translator and executor, so that it is able to translate LINQ query to SQL, and execute the translated SQL.

And here the most important is the generic Execute() method, which is called by the above Queryable<TSource>.GetEnumerator(). It does the following work:

Checks whether it should return a collection of items (for the Where() scenarios, etc.), or should return a sinlge item (for the Single() query scenarios, etc.)
Invokes the translator to translate LINQ query to SQL.
Invokes the executor to execute the translated SQL and retrieves the result.
Returns result of a proper type (either a collection, or a single item).

Query method internals

Before running the query, take a look at the IQueryable<T> query methods.

Deferred execution methods

Take Where() as an example:

public static class Queryable
{
    public static IQueryable<TSource> Where<TSource>(
        this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, bool>> predicate)
    {
        // Checks arguments.
        return source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
            Expression.Call(
                null,
                ((MethodInfo)MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(new Type[]
                    { 
                        typeof(TSource) 
                    }),
                new Expression[] 
                    { 
                        source.Expression, 
                        Expression.Quote(predicate) 
                    }));
    }
}

It is very very different from IEnumerable<T>’s Where() query method. It is not executing any thing, it just:

Constructs a new expression tree, which contains the following information:
- The original expression tree from the source IQueryable<T> object
- The predicate expression tree
- This Where() query method is invoked
Then invokes the query provider’s generic CreateQuery() method to construct a new IQueryable<TSource> object.

Obviously, the above constructed expression tree is used to contain the information which is prepared to be translated.

The ordering query method, like OrderBy(), is a little different, which converts the constructed IQueryable<TSource> object to an IOrderedQueryable<TSource> object:

public static IOrderedQueryable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource, TKey>(
    this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
{
    // Checks arguments.
    return (IOrderedQueryable<TSource>)source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
        Expression.Call(
            null, 
            ((MethodInfo)MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(new Type[] 
                { 
                    typeof(TSource), 
                    typeof(TKey) 
                }), 
            new Expression[] 
                { 
                    source.Expression, 
                    Expression.Quote(keySelector) 
                }));
}

And so is ThenBy():

public static IOrderedQueryable<TSource> ThenBy<TSource, TKey>(
    this IOrderedQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, TKey>> keySelector)
{
    // Checks arguments.
    return (IOrderedQueryable<TSource>)source.Provider.CreateQuery<TSource>(
        Expression.Call(
            null, 
            ((MethodInfo)MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(new Type[] 
                { 
                    typeof(TSource), 
                    typeof(TKey) 
                }), 
            new Expression[] { 
                    source.Expression, 
                    Expression.Quote(keySelector) 
            }));
}

ThenBy() / ThenByDescending() are extension methods of IOrderedQueryable<TSource> instead of IQueryable<TSource>, which means, It must be invoked after invoking OrderBy() / OrderByDescending().

Eager execution methods

Single() is different:

public static TSource Single<TSource>(this IQueryable<TSource> source)
{
    // Checks arguments.
    return source.Provider.Execute<TSource>(
        Expression.Call(
            null, 
            ((MethodInfo)MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(new Type[] 
                { 
                    typeof(TSource) 
                }), 
            new Expression[] 
                { 
                    source.Expression 
                }));
}

Logically, Single() cannot be deferred. So after construction the expression tree, it invokes query provider’s generic Execute() method, and returns a TSource object instead of a IQueryable<TSource>.

Of course, the aggregate methods looks similar, invoking Execute() instead of CreateQuery():

public static decimal Average<TSource>(
    this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, decimal>> selector)
{
    // Checks arguments.
    return source.Provider.Execute<decimal>(
        Expression.Call(
            null, 
            ((MethodInfo)MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod()).MakeGenericMethod(new Type[] 
                { 
                    typeof(TSource) 
                }), 
            new Expression[] 
                { 
                    source.Expression, 
                    Expression.Quote(selector) 
                }));
}

It cannot be deferred either.

Work together

Now it is ready to run all the stuff above.

Query a collection of items (deferred execution)

The following query expects a collection of Product objects:

using (NorthwindDataContext database = new NorthwindDataContext())
{
    IQueryProvider provider = new QueryProvider(database.GetCommand, database.ExecuteQuery);
    IQueryable<Product> source = new Queryable<Product>(provider, database.GetTable<Product>());
    IQueryable<string> results = source.Where(product => product.CategoryID == 2)
                                       .OrderBy(product => product.ProductName)
                                       .Select(product => product.ProductName)
                                       .Skip(5)
                                       .Take(10);

    using (IEnumerator<string> iterator = results.GetEnumerator())
    {
        while (iterator.MoveNext())
        {
            string item = iterator.Current;
            Console.WriteLine(item);
        }
    }
}

To initialize the provider, DataContext.GetCommand() and DataContext.ExecuteQuery() are passed as translator and executor.

When results.GetEnumerator() is invoked, provider.Execute() is invoked. The query is translated to:

exec sp_executesql N'SELECT [t1].[ProductName]
FROM (
    SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY [t0].[ProductName]) AS [ROW_NUMBER], [t0].[ProductName]
    FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
    WHERE [t0].[CategoryID] > @p0
    ) AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[ROW_NUMBER] BETWEEN @p1 + 1 AND @p1 + @p2
ORDER BY [t1].[ROW_NUMBER]',N'@p0 int,@p1 int,@p2 int',@p0=2,@p1=5,@p2=10

by the provider’s translator, then provider’s executor executes the above SQL in SQL Server, and return a collection of items.

This is the printed output:

Escargots de Bourgogne
Filo Mix
Flotemysost
Geitost
Gnocchi di nonna Alice
Gorgonzola Telino
Gravad lax
Gudbrandsdalsost
Gumbär Gummibärchen
Gustaf's Knäckebröd

Query a single item (eager execution)

The following sample is different:

IQueryProvider provider = new QueryProvider(database.GetCommand, database.ExecuteQuery);
IQueryable<Product> source = new Queryable<Product>(provider, database.GetTable<Product>());
string productName = source.Where(product => product.CategoryID > 2)
                           .Select(product => product.ProductName)
                           .First();

Without deferred execution and iterating, the First() invokes provider.Execute() directly.

This is the translated SQL:

exec sp_executesql N'SELECT TOP (1) [t0].[ProductName]
FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
WHERE [t0].[CategoryID] > @p0',N'@p0 int',@p0=2

Aggregate (eager execution)

Aggregate query is also eager:

IQueryProvider provider = new QueryProvider(database.GetCommand, database.ExecuteQuery);
IQueryable<Product> source = new Queryable<Product>(provider, database.GetTable<Product>());
decimal averagePrice = source.Where(product => product.CategoryID == 2)
                             .Average(product => product.UnitPrice.GetValueOrDefault());

This is the translated SQL:

exec sp_executesql N'SELECT AVG([t1].[value]) AS [value]
FROM (
    SELECT COALESCE([t0].[UnitPrice],0) AS [value], [t0].[CategoryID]
    FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
    ) AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[CategoryID] = @p0',N'@p0 int',@p0=2

SQL translating and executing

The above samples explained the implementation of LINQ to SQL query and query provider. Inside the QueryProvider class, it does not provide the detailed implementation of SQL translating and executing, but pass the work to DataContext.GetCommand() and DataContext.ExecuteQuery().

This post has demonstrated the simplest SQL translating and executing. But the realistic work is very very complex. Since this is not a SQL series but a LINQ / functional programming series, to develop a full featured SQL “compiler” is far beyond this series’ scope. For SQL executing, it is also complex to convert the retrieved data back to strong-typed objects in LINQ to SQL. To understand the entire translating and executing process, please follow the source code of Table<T>, which implements IQueryProvider.

Internally, Table<T> uses several internal classes, like SqlProvider, QueryConverter, etc., to accomplish the translating. For example, one of the core APIs is the QueryConverter.VisitSequenceOperatorCall():

internal class QueryConverter
{
    private SqlNode VisitSequenceOperatorCall(MethodCallExpression mc)
    {
        Type declaringType = mc.Method.DeclaringType;
        if (!(declaringType == typeof(Enumerable)) && !(declaringType == typeof(Queryable)))
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(
                CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
                "Sequence operator call is only valid for Sequence, Queryable, or DataQueryExtensions not for '{0}'",
                declaringType));
        }

        bool isNotSupported = false;
        switch (mc.Method.Name)
        {
            case "Where":
                isNotSupported = true;

                // The overload:
                // IQueryable<TSource> Where<TSource>(
                // this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, int, bool>> predicate)
                // is not supported.

                // The MethodCallExpression object mc should have 2 arguments.
                // The first argument should be null.
                // The second argument should be Expression.Quote(predicate).
                if (mc.Arguments.Count != 2 ||
                    // IsLambda() removes the quote to get the predicate object,
                    // and checks predicate.NodeType ==  ExpressionType.Lambda.
                    !this.IsLambda(mc.Arguments[1]) ||
                    // precicate should have 1 TSource argument.
                    this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]).Parameters.Count != 1)
                {
                    break; // The overload is not supported.
                }

                // The overload:
                // IQueryable<TSource> Where<TSource>(
                // this IQueryable<TSource> source, Expression<Func<TSource, bool>> predicate)
                // is supported.
                return this.VisitWhere(mc.Arguments[0], this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]));

            case "OrderBy":
                isNotSupported = true;

                if (mc.Arguments.Count != 2 || !this.IsLambda(mc.Arguments[1]) ||
                    this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]).Parameters.Count != 1)
                {
                    break; // The overload is not supported.
                }

                return this.VisitOrderBy(
                    mc.Arguments[0], this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]), SqlOrderType.Ascending);

            case "ThenBy":
                isNotSupported = true;

                if (mc.Arguments.Count != 2 || !this.IsLambda(mc.Arguments[1]) ||
                    this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]).Parameters.Count != 1)
                {
                    break; // The overload is not supported.
                }

                return this.VisitThenBy(
                    mc.Arguments[0], this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]), SqlOrderType.Ascending);

            case "Single":
            case "SingleOrDefault":
                isNotSupported = true;

                if (mc.Arguments.Count != 1)
                {
                    if (mc.Arguments.Count != 2 || !this.IsLambda(mc.Arguments[1]) ||
                        this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]).Parameters.Count != 1)
                    {
                        break; // The overload is not supported.
                    }

                    return this.VisitFirst(
                        mc.Arguments[0], this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]), false);
                }

                return this.VisitFirst(mc.Arguments[0], null, false);

            case "Average":
                isNotSupported = true;

                if (mc.Arguments.Count != 1)
                {
                    if (mc.Arguments.Count != 2 || !this.IsLambda(mc.Arguments[1]) ||
                        this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]).Parameters.Count != 1)
                    {
                        break; // The overload is not supported.
                    }

                    return this.VisitAggregate(
                        mc.Arguments[0], this.GetLambda(mc.Arguments[1]), SqlNodeType.Avg, mc.Type);
                }

                return this.VisitAggregate(mc.Arguments[0], null, SqlNodeType.Avg, mc.Type);

            // Other cases, like "Take", "Skip", "Distinct", etc.                
        }

        if (isNotSupported)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException(string.Format(
                CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
                "Unsupported overload used for query operator '{0}'.",
                mc.Method.Name));
        }

        throw new NotSupportedException(string.Format(
            CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
            "The query operator '{0}' is not supported.",
            mc.Method.Name));
    }
}

Please compare this with the fore mentioned IQueryable<T> query methods, Where(), OrderBy(), Single(), Average(), etc.

There is also an excellent tutorial from MSDN.

LINQ Providers

There are several kinds of built-in LINQ in .NET 4.0:

Built-in IQueryable LINQ Providers

LINQ to Objects and LINQ to XML are IEnumerable based, and the 3 kinds of LINQ to ADO.NET are IQueryable-based, which have their specific IQueryProvider.

For example, in LINQ to SQL, the IQueryable, IQueryable<T> and IQueryProvider are implemented by Table<T> class and an internal DataQuery<T> class. DataQuery<T> also implements IOrderedQueryable and IOrderedQueryable<T>. These classes and all the other related classes (like SqlProvider, ) can be considered the provider of LINQ to SQL.

LINQ to Everything

To implement any other LINQ query against a specific data source, the specific LINQ provider should be provided. That is, classes which implements the above IQueryable, IQueryable<T>, IQueryProvider, IOrderedQueryable and IOrderedQueryable<T> interfaces. The LINQ to Wikipedia provider at the beginning of the series is one example. This post lists a lot of custom LINQ providers, like:

etc.

This tutorial teaches how to create a IQueryable LINQ provider against the TerraServer-USA Web service.

LINQ to Objects provider

LINQ to Objects is IEnumerable based, but the interesting thing is, IEnumerble<T> has an AsQueryable() extension method, which turns IEnumerble-based query into IQueryable-based query:

public static class Queryable
{
    public static IQueryable<TElement> AsQueryable<TElement>(
        this IEnumerable<TElement> source)
    {
        // Checks arguments.
        if (source is IQueryable<TElement>)
        {
            return (IQueryable<TElement>)source;
        }

        return new EnumerableQuery<TElement>(source);
    }
}

Here the EnumerableQuery<T> class implements IQueryable<T>, as well as the IQueryProvider:

namespace System.Linq
{
    public abstract class EnumerableQuery
    {
        // ...
    }

    public class EnumerableQuery<T> : EnumerableQuery, IQueryProvider,
                                      IQueryable<T>, IQueryable,
                                      IOrderedQueryable<T>, IOrderedQueryable,
                                      IEnumerable<T>, IEnumerable
    {
        // ...
    }
}

Internally, EnumerableQuery<T>.Execute() invokes Expression<TDelegate>.Compile() to execute the expression representing the query.

67 Comments

Reply

Great article!
Thanks!

Yang - Wednesday, June 23, 2010 4:20:47 AM

Reply

Normally I do not learn post on blogs, but I wish to say that this write-up very forced
me to take a look at and do so! Your writing taste has been surprised me.

Thank you, very great article.

Flint - Sunday, September 30, 2012 5:58:15 AM

Reply

Link exchange is nothing else however it is simply placing the other person's website link on your page at proper place and other person will also do similar in support of you.

Dooley - Friday, April 5, 2013 6:35:15 AM

Reply

Hi there, of course this post is really nice and I have learned lot of
things from it concerning blogging. thanks.

Romo - Saturday, April 6, 2013 7:09:12 AM

Reply

I believe this is one of the so much significant information for me.
And i am happy studying your article. But should commentary on few
general issues, The web site taste is wonderful, the articles is actually great
: D. Just right job, cheers

Mcmanus - Saturday, April 6, 2013 7:30:44 AM

Reply

What's up i am kavin, its my first time to commenting anywhere, when i read this article i thought i could also create comment due to this good article.

Grissom - Saturday, April 6, 2013 11:20:55 AM

Reply

I've been surfing online more than 2 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It's pretty worth enough
for me. Personally, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you did, the
net will be a lot more useful than ever before.

Downing - Saturday, April 6, 2013 2:26:23 PM

Reply

whoah this blog is great i love reading your posts.
Stay up the good work! You recognize, many persons are searching round for this information, you could help them
greatly.

Goolsby - Saturday, April 6, 2013 7:19:33 PM

Reply

I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make this website yourself
or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz respond as I'm looking to create my own blog and would like to find out where u got this from. thanks

Nicholson - Saturday, April 6, 2013 9:20:18 PM

Reply

Excellent beat ! I wish to apprentice whilst you
amend your site, how can i subscribe for a weblog website?

The account helped me a appropriate deal.

I had been tiny bit familiar of this your broadcast offered bright clear idea

Pyle - Sunday, April 7, 2013 12:45:44 AM

Reply

I know this if off topic but I'm looking into starting my own blog and was wondering what all is needed to get setup? I'm assuming having a blog
like yours would cost a pretty penny? I'm not very internet smart so I'm not 100% certain. Any recommendations or advice would be greatly appreciated. Cheers

Hollenbeck - Sunday, April 7, 2013 3:05:02 AM

Reply

Wow, incredible weblog structure! How long have you been blogging for?
you made running a blog glance easy. The full glance of
your web site is wonderful, let alone the content material!

Laplante - Sunday, April 7, 2013 11:21:11 AM

Reply

Simply desire to say your article is as amazing. The clearness in your post is just nice and i can assume you are
an expert on this subject. Well with your permission allow me
to grab your RSS feed to keep up to date with forthcoming
post. Thanks a million and please carry on the enjoyable work.

Mcallister - Sunday, April 7, 2013 2:40:59 PM

Reply

I don't leave a bunch of remarks, but i did a few searching and wound up here Understanding LINQ to SQL (10) Implementing LINQ to SQL Provider - Dixin's Blog.
And I do have 2 questions for you if it's allright. Is it only me or does it look like some of the responses appear as if they are written by brain dead folks? :-P And, if you are posting on additional social sites, I'd like to
follow anything fresh you have to post. Would you list of every one
of your community pages like your linkedin profile, Facebook page or twitter feed?

Cason - Monday, April 8, 2013 7:24:43 AM

Reply

Hello everyone, it's my first pay a visit at this site, and paragraph is really fruitful in support of me, keep up posting such articles or reviews.

Gage - Monday, April 8, 2013 7:38:43 AM

Reply

Hi there, I desire to subscribe for this weblog to take latest updates, therefore where can
i do it please assist.

Joy - Monday, April 8, 2013 8:16:22 AM

Reply

Hey there, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues.
When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping.
I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, awesome
blog!

Perales - Monday, April 8, 2013 10:11:19 AM

Reply

This text is priceless. When can I find out more?

Krueger - Monday, April 8, 2013 3:44:17 PM

Reply

Hi, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues.
When I look at your website in Ie, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping.

I just wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Other then that, excellent blog!

Ennis - Monday, April 8, 2013 10:37:45 PM

Reply

Currently it looks like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform out there right
now. (from what I've read) Is that what you're using on your blog?

Rockwell - Tuesday, April 9, 2013 9:39:01 AM

Reply

Hi, i read your blog from time to time and i own
a similar one and i was just curious if you get a lot of spam feedback?
If so how do you stop it, any plugin or anything you can recommend?

I get so much lately it's driving me insane so any support is very much appreciated.

Houle - Tuesday, April 9, 2013 10:05:10 AM

Reply

I am extremely inspired along with your writing skills as neatly as
with the structure to your blog. Is that this a paid subject matter or did you modify it
yourself? Anyway stay up the excellent quality writing, it
is rare to look a great blog like this one these days..

Woodley - Tuesday, April 9, 2013 11:13:13 AM

Reply

My family all the time say that I am wasting my time here at
web, however I know I am getting knowledge everyday by reading such nice articles or reviews.

Olive - Tuesday, April 9, 2013 1:16:46 PM

Reply

Does your site have a contact page? I'm having trouble locating it but, I'd like to shoot you
an email. I've got some ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great website and I look forward to seeing it expand over time.

Mccormick - Thursday, April 11, 2013 5:56:02 AM

Reply

It's going to be end of mine day, but before finish I am reading this fantastic piece of writing to increase my know-how.

Christensen - Thursday, April 11, 2013 9:42:20 AM

Reply

Thanks , I've recently been searching for information approximately this subject for a long time and yours is the best I have came upon so far. However, what about the conclusion? Are you certain about the source?

Herbert - Thursday, April 11, 2013 1:28:24 PM

Reply

Excellent blog post. I absolutely appreciate this site.
Continue the good work!

Matthews - Thursday, April 11, 2013 2:18:53 PM

Reply

Howdy! Do you know if they make any plugins to help with Search Engine Optimization?
I'm trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I'm not seeing
very good gains. If you know of any please share.
Thanks!

Stoker - Thursday, April 11, 2013 4:49:15 PM

Reply

Fantastic goods from you, man. I have be aware your stuff prior to
and you're just extremely fantastic. I actually like what you have bought right here, certainly like what you're stating and the way
through which you assert it. You make it enjoyable and you continue to take
care of to stay it sensible. I cant wait to read far
more from you. That is actually a wonderful site.

Beaulieu - Friday, April 12, 2013 5:11:17 AM

Reply

Excellent post. I am dealing with some of these issues as well.
.

Alcala - Friday, April 12, 2013 7:03:15 AM

Reply

When I initially left a comment I seem to have clicked the -Notify me
when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on whenever a comment is
added I recieve four emails with the same comment. There has to be an easy method
you can remove me from that service? Thanks!

Spivey - Friday, April 12, 2013 7:57:11 AM

Reply

Hi friends, its impressive paragraph regarding cultureand fully explained, keep it up all the time.

Koenig - Friday, April 12, 2013 9:59:33 AM

Reply

Hello, i think that i saw you visited my blog thus i came to
“return the favor”.I'm attempting to find things to enhance my website!I suppose its ok to use a few of your ideas!!

Renfro - Saturday, April 13, 2013 4:32:25 AM

Reply

This website certainly has all the information
I wanted concerning this subject and didn't know who to ask.

Tucker - Saturday, April 13, 2013 5:47:08 AM

Reply

Link exchange is nothing else except it is simply
placing the other person's blog link on your page at proper place and other person will also do same in favor of you.

Jansen - Saturday, April 13, 2013 7:40:22 AM

Reply

I am actually grateful to the owner of this website
who has shared this wonderful article at at this time.

Thorne - Saturday, April 13, 2013 8:52:40 AM

Reply

I seriously love your site.. Excellent colors & theme.
Did you create this amazing site yourself? Please reply back as I'm looking to create my very own website and would love to know where you got this from or exactly what the theme is named. Kudos!

Rodrigue - Saturday, April 13, 2013 12:14:41 PM

Reply

I feel that is among the most significant info for me.

And i am glad reading your article. But wanna commentary
on few general things, The web site style is great, the articles is truly nice :
D. Good task, cheers

Prescott - Saturday, April 13, 2013 3:19:26 PM

Reply

I am not sure where you are getting your information, but great topic.
I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more.
Thanks for magnificent information I was looking for this information
for my mission.

Conti - Monday, April 15, 2013 1:12:35 AM

Reply

Very rapidly this web page will be famous amid all blogging and site-building visitors, due to it's pleasant content

Galarza - Tuesday, April 16, 2013 3:53:06 PM

Reply

I have read so many content concerning the blogger lovers
except this post is genuinely a pleasant article,
keep it up.

Moll - Thursday, April 18, 2013 9:48:35 AM

Reply

Hi, the whole thing is going perfectly here and ofcourse every one is
sharing information, that's in fact fine, keep up writing.

Soliz - Friday, April 19, 2013 7:11:51 PM

Reply

Currently it seems like Movable Type is the best blogging platform out there right now.
(from what I've read) Is that what you're
using on your blog?

Leroy - Thursday, May 2, 2013 10:20:47 PM

Reply

In exploring for internet websites associated to web
hosting and especially comparison hosting Linux program net, your web site came up.
:)

Love - Thursday, August 15, 2013 4:04:51 PM

Reply

Fine write up ... usually never ever reply to this affair, but now I want to give thanks
to the essential info.

Sweeney - Wednesday, August 28, 2013 10:12:04 AM

Reply

Awesome stuff thanx:)

Blanchette - Wednesday, September 4, 2013 7:13:03 AM

Reply

Hi. important operate. I didn't anticipate this. That is
an critical story. Offers Thanks!

Walls - Monday, September 9, 2013 12:55:38 AM

Reply

Wow! What an thought! What a concept! Good .. wonderful ...

Mawson - Saturday, September 28, 2013 10:03:24 PM

Reply

Wow! Thank you! I constantly desired to write in my
web page a thing like that. Can I take a part of
your post to my internet log?

Johnson - Friday, October 4, 2013 2:20:40 AM

Reply

KZdi1S I think this is a real great blog article.Really thank you! Cool.

jkWqlcBJhbHYHaUuJ - Thursday, October 31, 2013 9:17:17 PM

Reply

yeGuak I cannot thank you enough for the blog post.Thanks Again. Awesome.

ATdQkSbGQYjqjPOFBp - Monday, November 18, 2013 11:00:07 PM

Reply

RDkQC8 I think this is a real great blog article.Really thank you! Fantastic.

EdPiootehTRqhNCb - Monday, November 18, 2013 11:26:16 PM

Reply

n7107i Great article.Much thanks again. Much obliged.

uBDilboDxfdrWDtDwd - Friday, January 17, 2014 4:40:05 AM

Reply

i like very good

viva follower - Friday, October 15, 2021 3:58:12 AM

Reply

https://ma-study.blogspot.com/

medicalphd - Tuesday, December 14, 2021 12:29:27 AM

Reply

I was looking for some random information and landed on your website. If that I start read the stuff and found really interesting and informative. The content is very well written and nicely designed. Well done

https://diro.io/

Fake Bank Statements for Mortgage - Tuesday, May 17, 2022 12:19:29 AM

Reply

Of course, your article is good enough, slotsite but I thought it would be much better to see professional photos and videos together. There are articles and photos on these topics on my homepage, so please visit and share your opinions.

slotsite - Saturday, November 19, 2022 7:37:31 PM

Reply

Sometimes reading news from your website takes me away from stress.

โปรโมทชั่น dream gaming - Wednesday, May 31, 2023 10:58:37 PM

Reply

Superbly written article, if only all bloggers offered the same content as you, the internet would be a far better place.

789bet หวยออนไลน์ - Wednesday, June 14, 2023 10:10:51 PM

Reply

I have recently started a blog, the info you offer on this site has helped me greatly. Thanks for all of your time & work.

ซื้อหวยผ่านคลิปโต - Friday, July 28, 2023 8:06:43 PM

Reply

Thank you for sharing this information. Love the article on your page. Please keep updating, it is very helpful.

เว็บ หวย ออมสิน - Friday, July 28, 2023 10:27:17 PM

Reply

This is an excellent piece of writing. Keep sharing fantastic content on your page. Your blog is wonderful.

เว็บ 789betting - Thursday, August 31, 2023 11:33:20 PM

Reply

It's the same topic , but I was quite surprised to see the opinions I didn't think of. My blog also has articles on these topics, so I look forward to your visit. <a href="https://toolbarqueries.google.co.ls/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">safetoto</a>

safetoto - Thursday, November 23, 2023 2:56:44 AM

Reply

Why couldn't I have the same or similar opinions as you? T^T I hope you also visit my blog and give us a good opinion. <a href="https://toolbarqueries.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">casino online</a>

casino online - Thursday, November 23, 2023 2:57:20 AM

Reply

Your article has answered the question I was wondering about! I would like to write a thesis on this subject, but I would like you to give your opinion once :D <a href="https://toolbarqueries.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">totosite</a>

totosite - Thursday, November 23, 2023 2:57:45 AM

Reply

I came to this site with the introduction of a friend around me and I was very impressed when I found your writing. I'll come back often after bookmarking! <a href="https://toolbarqueries.google.co.jp/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">baccarat online</a>

baccarat online - Thursday, November 23, 2023 2:58:08 AM

Reply

I sat and read a lot of your articles. And every thing makes me more knowledgeable. The more I read, the more I like your article. Awesome.

ช่องทางติดต่อ หวยฮ่องกง - Tuesday, March 12, 2024 7:42:15 PM