Category Theory via C# (8) Advanced LINQ to Monads

[FP & LINQ via C# series]

[Category Theory via C# series]

Monad is a powerful structure, with the LINQ support in C# language, monad enables chaining operations to build fluent workflow, which can be pure. With these features, monad can be used to manage I/O, state changes, exception handling, shared environment, logging/tracing, and continuation, etc., in the functional paradigm.

IO monad

IO is impure. As already demonstrated, the Lazy<> and Func<> monads can build purely function workflows consists of I/O operations. The I/O is produced only when the workflows is started. So the Func<> monad is also called IO monad (Again, Lazy<T> is just a wrapper of Func<T> factory function, so Lazy<> and Func<> can be viewed as equivalent.). Here, to be more intuitive, rename Func<> to IO<>:

// IO: () -> T
public delegate T IO<out T>();

Func<T> or IO<T> is just a wrapper of T. Generally, the difference is, if a value T is obtained, effect is already produced; and if a Func<T> or IO<T> function wrapper is obtained, the effect can be delayed to produce, until explicitly calling this function to pull the wrapped T value. The following example is a simple comparison:

public static partial class IOExtensions
{
    internal static string Impure()
    {
        string filePath = Console.ReadLine();
        string fileContent = File.ReadAllText(filePath);
        return fileContent;
    }

    internal static IO<string> Pure()
    {
        IO<string> filePath = () => Console.ReadLine();
        IO<string> fileContent = () => File.ReadAllText(filePath());
        return fileContent;
    }

    internal static void IO()
    {
        string ioResult1 = Impure(); // IO is produced.
        IO<string> ioResultWrapper = Pure(); // IO is not produced.

        string ioResult2 = ioResultWrapper(); // IO is produced.
    }
}

IO<> monad is just Func<> monad:

public static partial class IOExtensions
{
    // SelectMany: (IO<TSource>, TSource -> IO<TSelector>, (TSource, TSelector) -> TResult) -> IO<TResult>
    public static IO<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TSelector, TResult>(
        this IO<TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, IO<TSelector>> selector,
        Func<TSource, TSelector, TResult> resultSelector) =>
            () =>
            {
                TSource value = source();
                return resultSelector(value, selector(value)());
            };

    // Wrap: TSource -> IO<TSource>
    public static IO<TSource> IO<TSource>(this TSource value) => () => value;

    // Select: (IO<TSource>, TSource -> TResult) -> IO<TResult>
    public static IO<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
        this IO<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) =>
            source.SelectMany(value => selector(value).IO(), (value, result) => result);
}

The (SelectMany, Wrap, Select) operations are defined so that the LINQ functor syntax (single from clause) and monad syntax (multiple from clauses) are enabled. The let clause is also enabled by Select, which provides great convenience.

Some I/O operations, like above Console.ReadLine: () –> string, and File.ReadAllText: string –> string, returns a value T that can be wrapped IO<T>. There are other I/O operations that return void, like Console.WriteLine: string –> void, etc. Since C# compiler does not allow void to be used as type argument of IO<void>, these operations can be viewed as returning a Unit value, which can be wrapped as IO<Uint>. The following methods help wrap IO<T> functions from I/O operations with or without return value:

public static IO<TResult> IO<TResult>(Func<TResult> function) =>
    () => function();

public static IO<Unit> IO(Action action) =>
    () =>
    {
        action();
        return default;
    };

Now the I/O workflow can be build as purely function LINQ query:

internal static void Workflow()
{
    IO<int> query = from unit1 in IO(() => Console.WriteLine("File path:")) // IO<Unit>.
                    from filePath in IO(Console.ReadLine) // IO<string>.
                    from unit2 in IO(() => Console.WriteLine("File encoding:")) // IO<Unit>.
                    from encodingName in IO(Console.ReadLine) // IO<string>.
                    let encoding = Encoding.GetEncoding(encodingName)
                    from fileContent in IO(() => File.ReadAllText(filePath, encoding)) // IO<string>.
                    from unit3 in IO(() => Console.WriteLine("File content:")) // IO<Unit>.
                    from unit4 in IO(() => Console.WriteLine(fileContent)) // IO<Unit>.
                    select fileContent.Length; // Define query.
    int result = query(); // Execute query.
}

IO<> monad works with both synchronous and asynchronous I/O operations. The async version of IO<T> is just IO<Task<T>>, and the async version of IO<Unit> is just IO<Task>:

internal static async Task WorkflowAsync()
{
    using (HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient())
    {
        IO<Task> query = from unit1 in IO(() => Console.WriteLine("URI:")) // IO<Unit>. 
                            from uri in IO(Console.ReadLine) // IO<string>.
                            from unit2 in IO(() => Console.WriteLine("File path:")) // IO<Unit>.
                            from filePath in IO(Console.ReadLine) // IO<string>.
                            from downloadStreamTask in IO(async () =>
                                await httpClient.GetStreamAsync(uri)) // IO<Task<Stream>>.
                            from writeFileTask in IO(async () => 
                                await (await downloadStreamTask).CopyToAsync(File.Create(filePath))) // IO<Task>.
                            from messageTask in IO(async () =>
                                {
                                    await writeFileTask;
                                    Console.WriteLine($"Downloaded {uri} to {filePath}");
                                }) // IO<Task>.
                            select messageTask; // Define query.
        await query(); // Execute query.
    }
}

State monad

In object-oriented programming, there is the state pattern to handle state changes. In functional programming, state change can be modeled with pure function. For pure function TSource –> TResult, its state-involved version can be represented as a Tuple<TSource, TState> –> Tuple<TResult, TState> function, which accepts some input value along with some input state, and returns some output value and some output state. This function can remains pure, because it can leave the input state unchanged, then either return the same old state, or create a new state and return it. To make this function monadic, break up the input tuple and curry the function to TSource –> (TState –> Tuple<TResult, TState>). Now the returned TState –> Tuple<TResult, TState> function type can be given an alias called State:

// State: TState -> ValueTuple<T, TState>
public delegate (T Value, TState State) State<TState, T>(TState state);

Similar to fore mentioned Tuple<,> and Func<,> types, the above open generic type State<,> can be viewed as a type constructor of kind * –> * –> *. After partially applied with a first type argument TState, State<TState,> becomes a * –> * type constructor. If it can be a functor and monad, then above stateful function becomes a monadic selector TSource –> State<TState, TResult>. So the following (SelectMany, Wrap, Select) methods can be defined for State<TState,>:

public static partial class StateExtensions
{
    // SelectMany: (State<TState, TSource>, TSource -> State<TState, TSelector>, (TSource, TSelector) -> TResult) -> State<TState, TResult>
    public static State<TState, TResult> SelectMany<TState, TSource, TSelector, TResult>(
        this State<TState, TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, State<TState, TSelector>> selector,
        Func<TSource, TSelector, TResult> resultSelector) =>
            oldState =>
            {
                (TSource Value, TState State) value = source(oldState);
                (TSelector Value, TState State) result = selector(value.Value)(value.State);
                TState newState = result.State;
                return (resultSelector(value.Value, result.Value), newState); // Output new state.
            };

    // Wrap: TSource -> State<TState, TSource>
    public static State<TState, TSource> State<TState, TSource>(this TSource value) =>
        oldState => (value, oldState); // Output old state.

    // Select: (State<TState, TSource>, TSource -> TResult) -> State<TState, TResult>
    public static State<TState, TResult> Select<TState, TSource, TResult>(
        this State<TState, TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, TResult> selector) =>
            oldState =>
            {
                (TSource Value, TState State) value = source(oldState);
                TState newState = value.State;
                return (selector(value.Value), newState); // Output new state.
            };
            // Equivalent to:            
            // source.SelectMany(value => selector(value).State<TState, TResult>(), (value, result) => result);
}

SelectMany and Select return a function that accepts an old state and outputs new state, State method returns a function that outputs the old state. Now this State<TState,> delegate type is the state monad, so a State<TState, T> function can be viewed as a wrapper of a T value, and this T value can be unwrapped in the monad workflow, with the from value in source syntax. State<TState, T> function also wraps the state information. To get/set the TState state in the monad workflow, the following GetState/SetState functions can be defined:

// GetState: () -> State<TState, TState>
public static State<TState, TState> GetState<TState>() =>
    oldState => (oldState, oldState); // Output old state.

// SetState: TState -> State<TState, Unit>
public static State<TState, Unit> SetState<TState>(TState newState) =>
    oldState => (default, newState); // Output new state.

Here GetState returns a State<TState, TState> function wrapping the state as value, so that the state can be extracted in the monad workflow with the same syntax that unwraps the value. SetState returns a State<TState, Unit> function, which ignores the old state, and wrap no value (represented by Unit) and outputs the the specified new value to the monad workflow. Generally, the state monad workflow can be demonstrated as:

internal static void Workflow()
{
    string initialState = nameof(initialState);
    string newState = nameof(newState);
    string resetState = nameof(resetState);
    State<string, int> source1 = oldState => (1, oldState);
    State<string, bool> source2 = oldState => (true, newState);
    State<string, char> source3 = '@'.State<string, char>(); // oldState => 2, oldState).

    State<string, string[]> query =
        from value1 in source1 // source1: State<string, int> = initialState => (1, initialState).
        from state1 in GetState<string>() // GetState<int>(): State<string, string> = initialState => (initialState, initialState).
        from value2 in source2 // source2: State<string, bool>3 = initialState => (true, newState).
        from state2 in GetState<string>() // GetState<int>(): State<string, string> = newState => (newState, newState).
        from unit in SetState(resetState) // SetState(resetState): State<string, Unit> = newState => (default, resetState).
        from state3 in GetState<string>() // GetState(): State<string, string> = resetState => (resetState, resetState).
        from value3 in source3 // source3: State<string, char> = resetState => (@, resetState).
        select new string[] { state1, state2, state3 }; // Define query.
    (string[] Value, string State) result = query(initialState); // Execute query with initial state.
    result.Value.WriteLines(); // initialState newState resetState
    result.State.WriteLine(); // Final state: resetState
}

The state monad workflow is a State<TState, T> function, which is of type TState –> Tuple<T, TState>. To execute the workflow, it must be called with a TState initial state. At runtime, when the workflow executes, the first operation in the workflow, also a TState –> Tuple<T, TState> function, is called with the workflow’s initial state, and returns a output value and a output state; then the second operation, once again another TState –> Tuple<T, TState> function, is called with the first operation’s output state, and outputs another output value and another output state; and so on. In this chaining, each operation function can wither return its original input state, or return a new state. This is how state changes through a workflow of pure functions.

Take the factorial function as example. The factorial function can be viewed as a recursive function with a state – the current product of the current recursion step, and apparently take the initial state (product) is 1. To calculate the factorial of 5, the recursive steps can be modeled as:

  • (Value: 5, State: 1) => (Value: 4, State: 1 * 5)
  • (Value: 4, State: 1 * 5) => (Value: 3, State: 1 * 5 * 4)
  • (Value: 3, State: 1 * 5 * 4) => (Value: 3, State: 1 * 5 * 4)
  • (Value: 2, State: 1 * 5 * 4 * 3) => (Value: 2, State: 1 * 5 * 4 * 3)
  • (Value: 1, State: 1 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2) => (Value: 1, State: 1 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2)
  • (Value: 0, State: 1 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1) => (Value: 0, State: 1 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1)

When the current integer becomes 0, the recursion terminates, and the final state (product) is the factorial result. So this recursive function is of type Tuple<int, int> –> Tuple<int, int>. As fore mentioned, it can be curried to int –> (int –> Tuple<int, int>), which is equivalent to int –> State<int, int>:

// FactorialState: uint -> (uint -> (uint, uint))
// FactorialState: uint -> State<unit, uint>
private static State<uint, uint> FactorialState(uint current) =>
    from state in GetState<uint>() // State<uint, uint>.
    let product = state
    let next = current - 1U
    from result in current > 0U
        ? (from unit in SetState(product * current) // State<unit, Unit>.
            from value in FactorialState(next) // State<uint, uint>.
            select next)
        : next.State<uint, uint>() // State<uint, uint>.
    select result;

public static uint Factorial(uint uInt32)
{
    State<uint, uint> query = FactorialState(uInt32); // Define query.
    return query(1).State; // Execute query, with initial state: 1.
}

Another example is Enumerable.Aggregate query method, which accepts an IEnumerable<TSource> sequence, a TAccumulate seed, and a TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate function. Aggregate calls the accumulation function over the seed and all the values in the sequence. The aggregation steps can also be modeled as recursive steps, where each step’s state is the current accumulate result and the unused source values. Take source sequence { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, seed 0, and function + as example:

  • (Value: +, State: (0, { 1, 2, 3, 4 })) => (Value: +, State: (0 + 1, { 2, 3, 4 }))
  • (Value: +, State: (0 + 1, { 2, 3, 4 })) => (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2, { 3, 4 }))
  • (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2, { 3, 4 })) => (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2 + 3, { 4 }))
  • (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2 + 3, { 4 })) => (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, { }))
  • (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, { })) => (Value: +, State: (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, { }))

When the current source sequence in the state is empty, all source values are applied to the accumulate function, the recursion terminates, and the aggregation result in in the final state. So the recursive function is of type Tuple<TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate, Tuple<TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>>> –> Tuple<TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate, Tuple<TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>>>. Again, it can be curried to (TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate) –> (Tuple<TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>> –> Tuple<TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate, Tuple<TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>>>), which is equivalent to (TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate) –> State<Tuple<TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>>, TAccumulate –> TSource –> TAccumulate>:

// AggregateState: (TAccumulate -> TSource -> TAccumulate) -> ((TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>) -> (TAccumulate -> TSource -> TAccumulate, (TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>)))
// AggregateState: TAccumulate -> TSource -> TAccumulate -> State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), TAccumulate -> TSource -> TAccumulate>
private static State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate>> AggregateState<TSource, TAccumulate>(
    Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> func) =>
        from state in GetState<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>)>() // State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), (TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>)>.
        let accumulate = state.Item1 // TAccumulate.
        let source = state.Item2.Share() // IBuffer<TSource>.
        let sourceIterator = source.GetEnumerator() // IEnumerator<TSource>.
        from result in sourceIterator.MoveNext()
            ? (from unit in SetState((func(accumulate, sourceIterator.Current), source.AsEnumerable())) // State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), Unit>.
                from value in AggregateState(func) // State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate>>.
                select func)
            : func.State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate>>() // State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate>>.
        select result;

public static TAccumulate Aggregate<TSource, TAccumulate>(
    IEnumerable<TSource> source, TAccumulate seed, Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate> func)
{
    State<(TAccumulate, IEnumerable<TSource>), Func<TAccumulate, TSource, TAccumulate>> query =
        AggregateState(func); // Define query.
    return query((seed, source)).State.Item1; // Execute query, with initial state (seed, source).
}

In each recursion step, if the source sequence in the current state in not empty, the source sequence needs to be split. The first value is used to call the accumulation function, and the other values are put into output state, which is passed to the next recursion step. So there are multiple pulling operations for the source sequence: detecting if it is empty detection, pulling first value, and pulling the rest values. To avoid multiple iterations for the same source sequence, here the Share query method from Microsoft Ix (Interactive Extensions) library is called, so that all the pulling operations share the same iterator.

The stack’s Pop and Push operation can be also viewed as state processing. The Pop method of stack requires no input, and out put the stack’s top value T, So Pop can be viewed of type Unit –> T. In contrast, stack’s Push method accepts a value, set the value to the top of the stack, and returns no output, so Push can be viewed of type T –> Unit. The stack’s values are different before and after the Pop and Push operations, so the stack itself can be viewed as the state of the Pop and Push operation. If the values in a stack is represented as a IEnumerable<T> sequence, then Pop can be remodeled as Tuple<Unit, IEnumerable<T>> –> Tuple<Unit, IEnumerable<T>>, which can be curried to Unit –> State<IEnumerable<T>, T>; and Push can be remodeled as Tuple<T, IEnumerable<T>> –> Tuple<Unit, IEnumerable<T>>:

// PopState: Unit -> (IEnumerable<T> -> (T, IEnumerable<T>))
// PopState: Unit -> State<IEnumerable<T>, T>
internal static State<IEnumerable<T>, T> PopState<T>(Unit unit = null) =>
    oldStack =>
    {
        IEnumerable<T> newStack = oldStack.Share();
        return (newStack.First(), newStack); // Output new state.
    };

// PushState: T -> (IEnumerable<T> -> (Unit, IEnumerable<T>))
// PushState: T -> State<IEnumerable<T>, Unit>
internal static State<IEnumerable<T>, Unit> PushState<T>(T value) =>
    oldStack =>
    {
        IEnumerable<T> newStack = oldStack.Concat(value.Enumerable());
        return (default, newStack); // Output new state.
    };

Now the stack operations can be a state monad workflow. Also, GetState can get the current values of the stack, and SetState can reset the values of stack:

internal static void Stack()
{
    IEnumerable<int> initialStack = Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5);
    State<IEnumerable<int>, IEnumerable<int>> query =
        from value1 in PopState<int>() // State<IEnumerable<int>, int>.
        from unit1 in PushState(1) // State<IEnumerable<int>, Unit>.
        from unit2 in PushState(2) // State<IEnumerable<int>, Unit>.
        from stack in GetState<IEnumerable<int>>() // State<IEnumerable<int>, IEnumerable<int>>.
        from unit3 in SetState(Enumerable.Range(0, 5)) // State<IEnumerable<int>, Unit>.
        from value2 in PopState<int>() // State<IEnumerable<int>, int>.
        from value3 in PopState<int>() // State<IEnumerable<int>, int>.
        from unit4 in PushState(5) // State<IEnumerable<int>, Unit>.
        select stack; // Define query.
    (IEnumerable<int> Value, IEnumerable<int> State) result = query(initialStack); // Execute query with initial state.
    result.Value.WriteLines(); // 0 0 0 0 1 2
    result.State.WriteLines(); // 0 1 2 5
}

Exception monad

As previously demonstrated, the Optional<> monad can handle the case that any operation of the workflow may not produce a valid result, in a . When an operation succeeds to return a valid result, the next operation executes. If all operations succeed, the entire workflow has a valid result. Option<> monad’s handling is based on operation’s return result. What if the operation fails with exception? To work with operation exceptions in a purely functional paradigm, the following Try<> structure can be defined, which is just Optional<> plus exception handling and store:

public readonly struct Try<T>
{
    private readonly Lazy<(T, Exception)> factory;

    public Try(Func<(T, Exception)> factory) =>
        this.factory = new Lazy<(T, Exception)>(() =>
        {
            try
            {
                return factory();
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                return (default, exception);
            }
        });

    public T Value
    {
        get
        {
            if (this.HasException)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException($"{nameof(Try<T>)} object must have a value.");
            }
            return this.factory.Value.Item1;
        }
    }

    public Exception Exception => this.factory.Value.Item2;

    public bool HasException => this.Exception != null;

    public static implicit operator Try<T>(T value) => new Try<T>(() => (value, (Exception)null));
}

Try<T> represents an operation, which either succeeds with a result, or fail with an exception. Its SelectMany method is also in the same pattern as Optional<>’s SelectMany, so that when an operation (source) succeeds without exception, the next operation (returned by selector) executes:

public static partial class TryExtensions
{
    // SelectMany: (Try<TSource>, TSource -> Try<TSelector>, (TSource, TSelector) -> TResult) -> Try<TResult>
    public static Try<TResult> SelectMany<TSource, TSelector, TResult>(
        this Try<TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, Try<TSelector>> selector,
        Func<TSource, TSelector, TResult> resultSelector) =>
            new Try<TResult>(() =>
            {
                if (source.HasException)
                {
                    return (default, source.Exception);
                }
                Try<TSelector> result = selector(source.Value);
                if (result.HasException)
                {
                    return (default, result.Exception);
                }
                return (resultSelector(source.Value, result.Value), (Exception)null);
            });

    // Wrap: TSource -> Try<TSource>
    public static Try<TSource> Try<TSource>(this TSource value) => value;

    // Select: (Try<TSource>, TSource -> TResult) -> Try<TResult>
    public static Try<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult>(
        this Try<TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) =>
            source.SelectMany(value => selector(value).Try(), (value, result) => result);
}

The operation of throwing an exception can be represented with a Try<T> with the specified exception:

public static Try<T> Throw<T>(this Exception exception) => new Try<T>(() => (default, exception));

For convenience, Try<T> instance can be implicitly wrapped from a T value. And the following method also helps wrap a Func<T> operation:

public static Try<T> Try<T>(Func<T> function) =>
    new Try<T>(() => (function(), (Exception)null));

Similar to IO<> monad, an function operation (() –> void) without return result can be viewed as a function returning Unit (() –> Unit):

public static Try<Unit> Try(Action action) =>
    new Try<Unit>(() =>
    {
        action();
        return (default, (Exception)null);
    });

To handle the exception from an operation represented by Try<T>, just check the HasException property, filter the exception, and process it. The following Catch method handles the specified exception type:

public static Try<T> Catch<T, TException>(
    this Try<T> source, Func<TException, Try<T>> handler, Func<TException, bool> when = null)
    where TException : Exception => 
        new Try<T>(() =>
        {
            if (source.HasException && source.Exception is TException exception && exception != null
                && (when == null || when(exception)))
            {
                source = handler(exception);
            }
            return source.HasException ? (default, source.Exception) : (source.Value, (Exception)null);
        });

The evaluation of the Try<T> source, and the execution of handler, are both deferred. And the following Catch overload handles all exception types:

public static Try<T> Catch<T>(
    this Try<T> source, Func<Exception, Try<T>> handler, Func<Exception, bool> when = null) =>
        Catch<T, Exception>(source, handler, when);

And the Finally method just call a function to process the Try<T>:

public static TResult Finally<T, TResult>(
    this Try<T> source, Func<Try<T>, TResult> finally) => finally(source);

public static void Finally<T>(
    this Try<T> source, Action<Try<T>> finally) => finally(source);

The operation of throwing an exception can be represented with a Try<T> instance wrapping the specified exception:

public static partial class TryExtensions
{
    public static Try<T> Throw<T>(this Exception exception) => new Try<T>(() => (default, exception));
}

The following is an example of throwing exception:

internal static Try<int> TryStrictFactorial(int? value)
{
    if (value == null)
    {
        return Throw<int>(new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value)));
    }
    if (value <= 0)
    {
        return Throw<int>(new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), value, "Argument should be positive."));
    }

    if (value == 1)
    {
        return 1;
    }
    return value.Value * TryStrictFactorial(value - 1).Value;
}

And the the following is an example of handling exception:

internal static string Factorial(string value)
{
    Func<string, int?> stringToNullableInt32 = @string =>
        string.IsNullOrEmpty(@string) ? default : Convert.ToInt32(@string);
    Try<int> query = from nullableInt32 in Try(() => stringToNullableInt32(value)) // Try<int32?>
                        from result in TryStrictFactorial(nullableInt32) // Try<int>.
                        from unit in Try(() => result.WriteLine()) // Try<Unit>.
                        select result; // Define query.
    return query
        .Catch(exception => // Catch all and rethrow.
        {
            exception.WriteLine();
            return Throw<int>(exception);
        })
        .Catch<int, ArgumentNullException>(exception => 1) // When argument is null, factorial is 1.
        .Catch<int, ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(
            when: exception => object.Equals(exception.ActualValue, 0),
            handler: exception => 1) // When argument is 0, factorial is 1.
        .Finally(result => result.HasException // Execute query.
            ? result.Exception.Message : result.Value.ToString());
}

Reader monad

The Func<T,> functor is also monad. In contrast to Func<> monad, a factory function that only outputs a value, Func<T,> can also read input value from the environment. So Fun<T,> monad is also called reader monad, or environment monad. To be intuitive, rename Func<T,> to Reader<TEnvironment,>:

// Reader: TEnvironment -> T
public delegate T Reader<in TEnvironment, out T>(TEnvironment environment);

And its (SelectMany, Wrap, Select) methods are straightforward:

public static partial class ReaderExtensions
{
    // SelectMany: (Reader<TEnvironment, TSource>, TSource -> Reader<TEnvironment, TSelector>, (TSource, TSelector) -> TResult) -> Reader<TEnvironment, TResult>
    public static Reader<TEnvironment, TResult> SelectMany<TEnvironment, TSource, TSelector, TResult>(
        this Reader<TEnvironment, TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, Reader<TEnvironment, TSelector>> selector,
        Func<TSource, TSelector, TResult> resultSelector) =>
            environment =>
            {
                TSource value = source(environment);
                return resultSelector(value, selector(value)(environment));
            };

    // Wrap: TSource -> Reader<TEnvironment, TSource>
    public static Reader<TEnvironment, TSource> Reader<TEnvironment, TSource>(this TSource value) => 
        environment => value;

    // Select: (Reader<TEnvironment, TSource>, TSource -> TResult) -> Reader<TEnvironment, TResult>
    public static Reader<TEnvironment, TResult> Select<TEnvironment, TSource, TResult>(
        this Reader<TEnvironment, TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) =>
            source.SelectMany(value => selector(value).Reader<TEnvironment, TResult>(), (value, result) => result);
}

There are scenarios of accessing input value from shared environment, like reading the configurations, dependency injection, etc. In the following example, the operations are dependents of the configurations, so these operations can be modeled using Reader<ICongiguration,> monad:

private static Reader<IConfiguration, FileInfo> DownloadHtml(Uri uri) =>
    configuration => default;

private static Reader<IConfiguration, FileInfo> ConverToWord(FileInfo htmlDocument, FileInfo template) =>
    configuration => default;

private static Reader<IConfiguration, Unit> UploadToOneDrive(FileInfo file) =>
    configuration => default;

internal static void Workflow(IConfiguration configuration, Uri uri, FileInfo template)
{
    Reader<IConfiguration, (FileInfo, FileInfo)> query =
        from htmlDocument in DownloadHtml(uri) // Reader<IConfiguration, FileInfo>.
        from wordDocument in ConverToWord(htmlDocument, template) // Reader<IConfiguration, FileInfo>.
        from unit in UploadToOneDrive(wordDocument) // Reader<IConfiguration, Unit>.
        select (htmlDocument, wordDocument); // Define query.
    (FileInfo, FileInfo) result = query(configuration); // Execute query.
}

The workflow is also a Reader<ICongiguration, T> function. To execute the workflow, it must read the required configuration input. Then all operation in the workflow execute sequentially by reading the same configuration input.

Writer monad

Writer is a function that returns a computed value along with a stream of additional content, so this function is of type () –> Tuple<T, TContent>. In the writer monad workflow, each operation’s additional output content is merged with the next operation’s additional output content, so that when the entire workflow is executed, all operations’ additional output content are merged as the workflow’s final additional output content. Each merge operation accepts 2 TContent instances, and result another TContent instance. It is a binary operation and can be implemented by monoid’s multiplication: TContent ⊙ TContent –> TContent. So writer can be represented by a () –> Tuple<T, TContent> function along with a IMonoid<TContent> monoid:

public abstract class WriterBase<TContent, T, TContentMonoid> : IMonoid<TContent> where TContentMonoid : IMonoid<TContent>
{
    private readonly Lazy<(TContent, T)> lazy;

    protected WriterBase(Func<(TContent, T)> writer)
    {
        this.lazy = new Lazy<(TContent, T)>(writer);
    }

    public TContent Content => this.lazy.Value.Item1;

    public T Value => this.lazy.Value.Item2;

    public static TContent Multiply(TContent value1, TContent value2) => TContentMonoid.Multiply(value1, value2);

    public static TContent Unit => TContentMonoid.Unit;
}

The most common scenario of outputting additional content, is tracing and logging, where the TContent is a sequence of log entries. A sequence of log entries can be represented as IEnumerable<T>, so the fore mentioned (IEnumerable<T>, Enumerable.Concat<T>, Enumerable.Empty<T>()) monoid can be used:

public class Writer<TEntry, T> : WriterBase<IEnumerable<TEntry>, T, EnumerableConcatMonoid<TEntry>>
{
    public Writer(Func<(IEnumerable<TEntry>, T)> writer) : base(writer) { }

    public Writer(T value) : base(() => (Unit, value)) { }
}

Similar to State<TState,> and Reader<TEnvironment,>, here Writer<TEntry,> can be monad with the following (SelectMany, Wrap, Select) methods:

public static partial class WriterExtensions
{
    // SelectMany: (Writer<TEntry, TSource>, TSource -> Writer<TEntry, TSelector>, (TSource, TSelector) -> TResult) -> Writer<TEntry, TResult>
    public static Writer<TEntry, TResult> SelectMany<TEntry, TSource, TSelector, TResult>(
        this Writer<TEntry, TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, Writer<TEntry, TSelector>> selector,
        Func<TSource, TSelector, TResult> resultSelector) =>
            new Writer<TEntry, TResult>(() =>
            {
                Writer<TEntry, TSelector> result = selector(source.Value);
                return (Tutorial.CategoryTheory.Writer<TEntry, TSource>.Multiply(source.Content, result.Content),
                    resultSelector(source.Value, result.Value));
            });

    // Wrap: TSource -> Writer<TEntry, TSource>
    public static Writer<TEntry, TSource> Writer<TEntry, TSource>(this TSource value) =>
        new Writer<TEntry, TSource>(value);

    // Select: (Writer<TEnvironment, TSource>, TSource -> TResult) -> Writer<TEnvironment, TResult>
    public static Writer<TEntry, TResult> Select<TEntry, TSource, TResult>(
        this Writer<TEntry, TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) =>
            source.SelectMany(value => selector(value).Writer<TEntry, TResult>(), (value, result) => result);
}

Most commonly, each operation in the workflow logs string message. So the following method is defined to construct a writer instance from a value and a string log factory:

public static Writer<string, TSource> LogWriter<TSource>(this TSource value, Func<TSource, string> logFactory) =>
    new Writer<string, TSource>(() => (logFactory(value).Enumerable(), value));

The previous Fun<> monad workflow now can output logs for each operation:

internal static void Workflow()
{
    Writer<string, string> query = from filePath in Console.ReadLine().LogWriter(value =>
                                        $"File path: {value}") // Writer<string, string>.
                                   from encodingName in Console.ReadLine().LogWriter(value =>
                                        $"Encoding name: {value}") // Writer<string, string>.
                                   from encoding in Encoding.GetEncoding(encodingName).LogWriter(value =>
                                        $"Encoding: {value}") // Writer<string, Encoding>.
                                   from fileContent in File.ReadAllText(filePath, encoding).LogWriter(value =>
                                        $"File content length: {value.Length}") // Writer<string, string>.
                                   select fileContent; // Define query.
    string result = query.Value; // Execute query.
    query.Content.WriteLines();
    // File path: D:\File.txt
    // Encoding name: utf-8
    // Encoding: System.Text.UTF8Encoding
    // File content length: 76138
}

Continuation monad

In program, a function can return the result value, so that some other continuation function can use that value; or a function can take a continuation function as parameter, after it computes the result value, it calls back the continuation function with that value:

public static partial class CpsExtensions
{
    // Sqrt: int -> double
    internal static double Sqrt(int int32) => Math.Sqrt(int32);

    // SqrtWithCallback: (int, double -> TContinuation) -> TContinuation
    internal static TContinuation SqrtWithCallback<TContinuation>(
        int int32, Func<double, TContinuation> continuation) =>
            continuation(Math.Sqrt(int32));
}

The former is style is called direct style, and the latter is called continuation-passing style (CPS). Generally, for a TSource –> TResult function, its CPS version can accept a TResult –> TContinuation continuation function, so the CPS function is of type (TSource, TResult –> TContinuation) –> TContinuation. Again, just like the state monad, the CPS function can be curried to TSource –> ((TResult –> TContinuation) –> TContinuation)

// SqrtWithCallback: int -> (double -> TContinuation) -> TContinuation
internal static Func<Func<double, TContinuation>, TContinuation> SqrtWithCallback<TContinuation>(int int32) =>
    continuation => continuation(Math.Sqrt(int32));

Now the returned (TResult –> TContinuation) –> TContinuation function type can be given an alias Cps:

// Cps: (T -> TContinuation>) -> TContinuation
public delegate TContinuation Cps<TContinuation, out T>(Func<T, TContinuation> continuation);

So that the above function can be renamed as:

// SqrtCps: int -> Cps<TContinuation, double>
internal static Cps<TContinuation, double> SqrtCps<TContinuation>(int int32) =>
    continuation => continuation(Math.Sqrt(int32));

The CPS function becomes TSource –> Cps<TContinuation, TResult>, which is a monadic selector function. Just like State<TState,>, here Cps<TContinuation,> is the continuation monad. Its (SelectMany, Wrap, Select) methods can be implemented as:

public static partial class CpsExtensions
{
    // SelectMany: (Cps<TContinuation, TSource>, TSource -> Cps<TContinuation, TSelector>, (TSource, TSelector) -> TResult) -> Cps<TContinuation, TResult>
    public static Cps<TContinuation, TResult> SelectMany<TContinuation, TSource, TSelector, TResult>(
        this Cps<TContinuation, TSource> source,
        Func<TSource, Cps<TContinuation, TSelector>> selector,
        Func<TSource, TSelector, TResult> resultSelector) =>
            continuation => source(value =>
                selector(value)(result =>
                    continuation(resultSelector(value, result))));

    // Wrap: TSource -> Cps<TContinuation, TSource>
    public static Cps<TContinuation, TSource> Cps<TContinuation, TSource>(this TSource value) =>
        continuation => continuation(value);

    // Select: (Cps<TContinuation, TSource>, TSource -> TResult) -> Cps<TContinuation, TResult>
    public static Cps<TContinuation, TResult> Select<TContinuation, TSource, TResult>(
        this Cps<TContinuation, TSource> source, Func<TSource, TResult> selector) =>
            source.SelectMany(value => selector(value).Cps<TContinuation, TResult>(), (value, result) => result);
            // Equivalent to:
            // continuation => source(value => continuation(selector(value)));
            // Or:
            // continuation => source(continuation.o(selector));
}

A more complex example is sum of squares. The CPS version of sum and square are straightforward. If direct style of square operation of type int –> int, and the direct style of sum operation is (int, int) –> int, then their CPS versions are just of type int –> Cps<TContinuation, int>, and (int, int) –> Cps<TContinuation, int>:

// SquareCps: int -> Cps<TContinuation, int>
internal static Cps<TContinuation, int> SquareCps<TContinuation>(int x) =>
    continuation => continuation(x * x);

// SumCps: (int, int) -> Cps<TContinuation, int>
internal static Cps<TContinuation, int> SumCps<TContinuation>(int x, int y) =>
    continuation => continuation(x + y);

Then CPS version of sum of square can be implemented with them:

// SumOfSquaresCps: (int, int) -> Cps<TContinuation, int>
internal static Cps<TContinuation, int> SumOfSquaresCps<TContinuation>(int a, int b) =>
    continuation =>
        SquareCps<TContinuation>(a)(squareOfA =>
        SquareCps<TContinuation>(b)(squareOfB =>
        SumCps<TContinuation>(squareOfA, squareOfB)(continuation)));

This is not intuitive. But the continuation monad can help. A Cps<TContinuation, T> function can be viewed as a monad wrapper of T value. So T value can be unwrapped from Cps<TContinuation, T> with the LINQ from clause:

internal static Cps<TContinuation, int> SumOfSquaresCpsLinq<TContinuation>(int a, int b) =>
    from squareOfA in SquareCps<TContinuation>(a) // Cps<TContinuation, int>.
    from squareOfB in SquareCps<TContinuation>(b) // Cps<TContinuation, int>.
    from sum in SumCps<TContinuation>(squareOfA, squareOfB) // Cps<TContinuation, int>.
    select sum;

And the following is a similar example of fibonacci:

internal static Cps<TContinuation, uint> FibonacciCps<TContinuation>(uint uInt32) =>
    uInt32 > 1
        ? (from a in FibonacciCps<TContinuation>(uInt32 - 1U)
            from b in FibonacciCps<TContinuation>(uInt32 - 2U)
            select a + b)
        : uInt32.Cps<TContinuation, uint>();
    // Equivalent to:
    // continuation => uInt32 > 1U
    //    ? continuation(FibonacciCps<int>(uInt32 - 1U)(Id) + FibonacciCps<int>(uInt32 - 2U)(Id))
    //    : continuation(uInt32);

Generally, a direct style function can be easily converted to CPS function – just pass the direct style function’s return value to a continuation function:

public static Cps<TContinuation, T> Cps<TContinuation, T>(Func<T> function) =>
    continuation => continuation(function());

Now the previous workflows can be represented in CPS too:

internal static void Workflow<TContinuation>(Func<string, TContinuation> continuation)
{
    Cps<TContinuation, string> query =
        from filePath in Cps<TContinuation, string>(Console.ReadLine) // Cps<TContinuation, string>.
        from encodingName in Cps<TContinuation, string>(Console.ReadLine) // Cps<TContinuation, string>.
        from encoding in Cps<TContinuation, Encoding>(() => Encoding.GetEncoding(encodingName)) // Cps<TContinuation, Encoding>.
        from fileContent in Cps<TContinuation, string>(() => File.ReadAllText(filePath, encoding)) // Cps<TContinuation, string>.
        select fileContent; // Define query.
    TContinuation result = query(continuation); // Execute query.
}

In the workflow, each operation’s continuation function is its next operation. When the workflow executes, each operation computes its return value, then calls back its next operation with its return value. When the last operation executes, it calls back the workflow’s continuation function.

229 Comments

  • Hi,

    I've just finished reading all your material in category theory and linq. It was really an eye opener and very nice. It is still not completely clear but I would like to ask you one question : all the different mondas in your examples seems to always chain thanks to the bind (select many), is that the main point of monads?

    If I'm allowed one more question, I'd like to know the differences beween some monads that seem to do the same thing when chained: func(IO ,Lazy), maybe and overall Continuation and State.

    If you have some links with practical examples about the monads you presente, could you share them please :) ?. If you have some references how adjoint functors can be implemented and their relation with monads, could you share them as well please ? (I'm not afraid of Category theory, I like it and even though I found it more clear than code, it is actually nice being able to use all that abtractness in practice).

    Sorry if I'm asking too much, I'm just very excited of what I've read.

    Thanks,
    Mario.

  • this is fine

  • this is very good

  • Amazon.com/mytv - enter the 6 digit amazon mytv code you receive at screen at www.amazon.com/mytv to regiter your device. contact amazon support for hel

  • this is fine

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this kind of information and enjoyed reading this one. <a href="https://www.totosite365.info/%ED%86%A0%ED%86%A0%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8.html" target="_blank" title="토토사이트">토토사이트</a>

  • I just wish to give you a huge thumbs up for the great info you have here on this post.
    I am coming back to your blog for more soon. <a href="https://www.slotmachine777.site" target="_blank" title="릴게임">릴게임</a>


  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this

  • I am coming back to your blog for more soon

  • I am coming back to your blog for more soon

  • I am coming back to your blog for more soon

  • I am coming back to your blog for more soon


  • <p><a href="https://greenvela.ir/what-is-blockchain">بلاک چین چیست</a></p>
    <p><a href="https://greenvela.ir/technical-analysis/">آیا تحلیل تکنیکال جواب می دهد</a></p>
    <p><a href="https://greenvela.ir/cryptocurrency/">ارزهای دیجیتالی چیست</a></p>
    <p><a href="https://greenvela.ir/satoshi/">ساتوشی چند</a></p>

  • I am coming back to your blog for more soon

  • شرکت تهویه نوین ایرانیان با بهره گیری از کادری مجرب و حرفه ای، متشکل از مهندسین با تجربه و نیروهای متخصص بر آن است تا در مسیر تحقق مشتری مداری گامهایی مؤثرتر بردارد. در این راستا با ارائه محصولاتی با کیفیت، عملکردی مطلوب، هزینه ای بهینه و نیز خدمات پس از فروش، در پی جلب رضایت مشتریان گرامی است.

  • شرکت بازرگانی بارمان با بهره گیری از پرسنل ، کارشناسان و کادر فنی متخصص با تجربه ای بالغ بر 10 سال سابقه در زمینه توزیع ماشین آلات و قطعات یدکی ، تعمیرگاهی و تامین تجهیزات تست عملکرد خودرو در صنایع خودرو سازی کشور ، مفتخر است به عنوان یکی از طراحان شبکه تخصصی فروش ماشین آلات و تجهیزات تعمیرگاهی در ایران بستری ایمن ، تخصصی و مناسب جهت معرفی محصولات تعمیرگاهی با شرایط مناسب برای کلیه شرکت ها ، اشخاص حقیقی و حقوقی که در زمینه ارائه سرویس و خدمات تعمیرگاهی فعالیت دارند را عرضه می نماید .

  • If you are looking for a suitable and good wedding ceremony, you can come to us to do your work

  • اگر به دنبال خرید لوازم خانگی اقساطی هستید می توانید به سایت ما مراجعه فرمایید.

  • This article is really fantastic and thanks for sharing the valuable post.

  • Great article with excellent idea! I have bookmarked your site since this site contains important data in it.

  • Nice article, thanks for the information. It's very complete information. I will bookmark for next reference.

  • This post is really astounding one! I was delighted to read this, very much useful. Many thanks

  • Thanks for sharing.I found a lot of interesting information here. A really good post, very thankful and hopeful that you will write many more

  • Great Article it its really informative and innovative keep us posted with new updates. its was really valuable. 

  • Thanks for writing such a good article, I stumbled onto your blog and read a few post. I like your style of writing...

  • Really nice style and perfectly written content material in this. Material on this page is very efficient I’ve ever had. We do not need anything else. Thank you so much for the information.

  • Great Post !! Very interesting topic will bookmark your site to check if you write more about in the future.

  • Very interesting topic will bookmark your site to check if you Post more about in the future.

  • It is a very good website to share knowledge.

  • I think this is a really good article. You make this information interesting and engaging. You give readers a lot to think about and I appreciate that kind of writing.

  • https://ma-study.blogspot.com/

  • This post is related to the programmer, They can get to know about the "Monads" code and its solutions. With this post help, they
    can help during coding in Monads. But we are Digital Marketing Services USA provider to you at a reasonable package.

  • برخی از بازی های  شرکت بلیزارد بصورت رایگان دردسترس گیمرها و کاربران نخواهد بود. و این کاربران برای استفاده از بازی  گیم تایم یا همان گیم کارت خریداری کنند. یکی از این بازی ها،‌ بازی محبوب و پرطرفدار ورلدآف وارکرافت است. به شارژ ماهیانه بازی وارکرافت در سرورهای بازی بلیزارد  گیم تایم می گویند ، که در فروشگاه جت گیم موجود می باشد.

    خرید گیم تایم 60 روزه ازفروشگاه جت گیم:

    در واقع گیم تایم 60 روزه نمونه ای جدید است از گیم تایم ها برای استفاده دربازی World of Warcraft  . که در ادامه بیشتر در مورد این محصول و نحوه استفاده از آن توضیح می دهیم .

    شما با خرید گیم تایم 60 روزه در مدت زمان آن گیم تایم ( 60 روز ) به امکاناتی در بازی World of Warcraft درسترسی پیدا خواهید کرد که این امکانات شامل موارد زیر میباشند :

    1 - اجازه لول آپ کردن تا لول 50 ( بدون گیم تایم فقط می توانید تا لول 20 بازی کنید )

    2 - اجازه  چت کردن با دیگران درون بازی ( بدون گیم تایم نمی توانید در بازی  چت کنید )

    3 - دسترسی به بازی World of Warcraft Classic

    در نتیجه برای بازی در World of Warcraft حتمآ به تهیه گیم تایم نیاز دارید.

    نکته 1 : گیم تایم یا همان زمان بازی ورد اف وارکرفت برای توانایی انلاین بازی کردن استفاده می شود و بدون گیم تایم امکان بازی کردن بازی محبوب ورد اف وارکرفت را نخواهید داشت.

    نکته 2 : درصورتی که گیم تایم نداشته باشید امکان بازی ورد اف وارکرفت کلاسیک را ندارید و شما میتوانید جهت خرید این محصول از وبسایت ما اقدام نمایید

    نکته 3 : نیازی به وارد کردن مشخصات اکانت بلیزارد شما نمی باشد زیرا کد گیم تایم  توسط خود شما و پس از دریافت کد، وارد می شود  ( آموزش وارد کردن در پایین صفحه قرار دارد )

  • HELLO, THANKS FOR YOUR POST, HAVE A GREAT AND WONDERFUL DAY TO EVERYONE!

  • GOOD DAY! I AM VERY THANKFUL FOR THIS, THANK YOU FOR SHARING THIS.
    HAVE A GREAT DAY!

  • HELLO, WHAT A VERY NICE AND WONDERFUL POST THAT I READ FOR TODAY, THIS IS SO VERY GREAT, THANKS!

  • HELLO! INCREDIBLE POST FOR TODAY, SIMPLY CONTINUE WRITING THIS KIND OF ARTICLE, SO MUCH IN IT.
    THAK YOU EVERYONE.

  • در واقع گیم تایم 60 روزه نمونه ای جدید است از گیم تایم ها برای استفاده دربازی World of Warcraft  . که در ادامه بیشتر در مورد این محصول و نحوه استفاده از آن توضیح می دهیم .

    شما با خرید گیم تایم 60 روزه در مدت زمان آن گیم تایم ( 60 روز ) به امکاناتی در بازی World of Warcraft درسترسی پیدا خواهید کرد که این امکانات شامل موارد زیر میباشند :

    1 - اجازه لول آپ کردن تا لول 50 ( بدون گیم تایم فقط می توانید تا لول 20 بازی کنید )

    2 - اجازه  چت کردن با دیگران درون بازی ( بدون گیم تایم نمی توانید در بازی  چت کنید )

    3 - دسترسی به بازی World of Warcraft Classic

    در نتیجه برای بازی در World of Warcraft حتمآ به تهیه گیم تایم نیاز دارید.

  • Can I just say what a relief to seek out someone who actually is aware of what theyre talking about on the internet. You undoubtedly know the way to bring an issue to light and make it important. More folks have to read this and understand this aspect of the story. I cant believe youre not more popular because you positively have the gift. <a href="https://totoguy.com/" target="_blank">안전토토사이트</a>

  • I really thank you for the valuable info on this great subject and look forward to more great posts. Thanks a lot for enjoying this beauty article with me. I am appreciating it very much! Looking forward to another great article. Good luck to the author! All the best! <a href="https://totovi.com/" target="_blank">스포츠토토사이트</a>

  • Good day! This post could not be written any better! Reading this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept chatting about this. I will forward this page to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thanks for sharing. <a href="https://totoright.com/" target="_blank">먹튀검증업체</a>

  • I've been troubled for several days with this topic. Keo nha cai But by chance looking at your post solved my problem! I will leave my blog, so when would you like to visit it?

  • Feel free to delete all the d*mn spam comments (seems to be all but one) that just want to spread links to their own sites. :-/

  • Your explanation is organized very easy to understand!!! I understood at once. Could you please post about baccaratsite ?? Please!!

  • Of course, your article is good enough, <casinocommunity but I thought it would be much better to see professional photos and videos together. There are articles and photos on these topics on my homepage, so please visit and share your opinions.

  • I saw your article well. You seem to enjoy Keo nha cai for some reason. We can help you enjoy more fun. Welcome anytime :-)

  • It's too bad to check your article late. I wonder what it would be if we met a little faster. I want to exchange a little more, but please visit my site <a href="http://google.com.hk/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Foncainven.com">majorsite</a> and leave a message!!

  • I've been troubled for several days with this topic. <a href="http://images.google.co.th/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmajorcasino.org">safetoto</a>, But by chance looking at your post solved my problem! I will leave my blog, so when would you like to visit it?

  • You made such an interesting piece to read, giving every subject enlightenment for us to gain knowledge. Thanks for sharing the such information with us to read this. <a href="https://kipu.com.ua/">메이저놀이터</a>

  • I'm writing on this topic these days, but I have stopped writing because there is no reference material. Then I accidentally found your article. I can refer to a variety of materials, so I think the work I was preparing will work! Thank you for your efforts.

  • Wow! Such an amazing and helpful post this is.

  • You have really shared a informative and interesting blog post with people..

  • Thanks so much for sharing this awesome info! I am looking forward to see more postsby you

  • Thank you for taking the time to publish this information very useful!

  • Looking at this article, I miss the time when I didn't wear a mask. casinosite Hopefully this corona will end soon. My blog is a blog that mainly posts pictures of daily life before Corona and landscapes at that time. If you want to remember that time again, please visit us.

  • To me who doesn't know much about it, it seems to understand.<a href="https://popmovie888.com/" rel="bookmark" title=" ดูหนังใหม่พากย์ไทย "> ดูหนังใหม่พากย์ไทย </a>

  • i like your article I look forward to receiving new news from you every day. I like to learn new things Starting from your idea it really made me more knowledgeable.

  • Thank you very much for sharing a great post.

  • Looking for a game that will keep you entertained for hours on end? Look no further than kick the buddy !

  • i like your article I look forward to receiving new news from you every day. I like to learn new things Starting from your idea it really made me more knowledgeable.

  • i am for the first time here. I found this board and I in finding It truly helpful & it helped me out a lot. I hope to present something back and help others such as you helped me.

  • HAVE A GREAT DAY TO THE CREATOR OF THIS WONDERFUL ARTICLE. THANKS FOR SHARING!

  • I AM EXTREMELY INSPIRED WHILE HAVING READING THIS, SUPER NICE INFORMATION, THANKS FOR SHARING!

  • THIS IS SUPER NICE INFORMATION, THANKS FOR SHARING!

  • THANK YOU FOR THIS ARTICLE THAT YOU'VE SHARED TO EVERYONE. STAY SAFE!

  • The Disney Plus subscription, you will get access to all the movies and series that are newly released. You will need the subscription, and you can purchase it from the official site.

  • There are many stories in your articles. I'm never bored I want to read it more and more.

  • Lorsque l’utilisation de votre téléphone pendant la conduite est restreinte dans de nombreux pays pour des raisons de sécurité claires, Apple a créé CarPlay, qui peut acheminer les applications et les médias vers le système de navigation de votre voiture, <a href="https://pavzi.com/fr/carplay-ne-fonctionne-pas-voici-le-correctif/">carplay ne fonctionne pas en bluetooth</a> ce qui facilite l’accès aux applications mains libres. Les iPhones commencent rapidement à charger, cependant, Carplay ne fonctionne pas, ce qui est un problème assez courant.

  • Looking great work dear, I really appreciated to you on this quality work. I would like say thanks for this post.

  • قسمت <a href="https://is.gd/GAJuu6"> پانسیون دامپزشکی </a>بیمارستان اکسیژن با کادری مجرب، دلسوز و عاشق حیوانات آماده ارائه خدمات پانسیون به شما و پت دلبندتان می‌باشد.

  • <a href="https://vibecrafts.com/">vibecrafts</a> is an ultimate shopping destination of huge and exclusive collection of home decor and craft for people of all age's. We provide Décor and Craft Items that suits best to your walls and Home. You can choose different type of décor Items as per your needs and desires.

  • Really appreciated for your help

  • بهترین سایت رزرواسیون هتل به صورت اینترنتی در تمام شهر های ایران و جهان. هتل یابان وبسایت امن و معتبر برای رزرو هتل و اقامتگاه در تمام کشور ها.

  • I'm blown away by your thoughts. How do you do it, tell me, you are my inspiration.

  • okkk

  • Tak mungkin kamu menemukan situs terbaik selain di <a href="https://bursa188.pro/"rel="dofollow">BURSA188</a> <a href="https://bursa188.store/"rel="dofollow">BURSA188</a>

  • Thank you for sharing this excellent article. I thought your article was perfect for what I needed.

  • متریال چوب با زیبایی و گرمابخشی خود به فضا، متریالی پر استفاده در دکوراسیون داخلی می باشد، دیوارپوش ترمووال با جنس پلی استایرن، از زیبایی چوب طبیعی برخوردار بوده، با تنوع فراوان خود در رنگ ها و طراحی های متفاوت تولید شده و هیچ یک از معایب چوب همچون عدم مقاومت در برابر رطوبت و گران قیمت بودن را دارا نمی باشد.

    https://araplastprofil.com/thermowall-wall-covering/

  • Great Article it its really informative and innovative keep us posted with new updates.

  • بررسی دیزاین
    https://www.talarkadeh.com/

  • Thank you very much for your good article.

  • Of course, your article is good enough, <a href="https://maps.google.co.bw/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">bitcoincasino</a> but I thought it would be much better to see professional photos and videos together. There are articles and photos on these topics on my homepage, so please visit and share your opinions.

  • When I read an article on this topic, <a href="https://maps.google.co.ao/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">safetoto</a> the first thought was profound and difficult, and I wondered if others could understand.. My site has a discussion board for articles and photos similar to this topic. Could you please visit me when you have time to discuss this topic?

  • Your writing is perfect and complete. <a href="https://maps.google.cm/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">casino online</a> However, I think it will be more wonderful if your post includes additional topics that I am thinking of. I have a lot of posts on my site similar to your topic. Would you like to visit once?

  • As I am looking at your writing, <a href="https://maps.google.cl/url?sa=t&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtclean.blog/">totosite</a> I regret being unable to do outdoor activities due to Corona 19, and I miss my old daily life. If you also miss the daily life of those days, would you please visit my site once? My site is a site where I post about photos and daily life when I was free.

  • thanks for sharing this useful article. it helps me a lot
    <a href="https://xn--ngbeab6ar43f.com/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA/>مجوز پیشخوان دولت</a>

  • Live Thai Lottery is a vibrant and communal activity that adds excitement to one's routine, offering the chance for unexpected rewards. Approach it with enthusiasm, but always with a sense of responsibility. 🌟🎰 #ThaiLottery #ExcitementAndChance

  • The way you break down each concept, from Functors to Monads, using C# examples is a game-changer for someone like me who's been circling the outskirts of category theory.

  • ICT training and consultancy are essential for mastering technology use and adopting effective strategies in the digital world. Training enhances skills and efficiency, while consultancy offers expert advice on implementing and optimizing tech solutions. This combination is key for staying competitive in a fast-evolving digital landscape.





  • Hosted desktops, also known as virtual desktops, allow users to access their personal desktop environment remotely, typically through the internet. This technology provides the flexibility to work from anywhere, ensuring that all applications and data are readily accessible. It enhances security, as data is stored in secure data centers rather than on local devices. Hosted desktops are cost-effective and scalable, making them an ideal solution for businesses seeking efficient and flexible IT infrastructure.





  • Very interesting article I really like this article very much. Thank you for sharing. I will definitely come back again.

  • Pavzi.com is a startup by passionate webmasters and bloggers who have a passion for providing engaging content that is accurate, interesting, and worthy to read. <a href="https://pavzi.com/">pavzi.com</a> We are more like a web community where you can find different information, resources, and topics on day-to-day incidents or news. We provide you with the finest web content on every topic possible with the help of the editorial and content team.

  • ممنون از مطالب مفید شما امیدوارم چسب رازی مناسب کار شما باشه.

  • lavagame <a href="https://www.lava678.asia" rel="nofollow ugc"> lavagame </a> เว็บตรงสล็อตที่กำลังได้รับความนิยมในประเทศไทย การเลือกเล่นเกมสล็อตออนไลน์ได้รับความนิยมเพิ่มขึ้นในประเทศไทย <a href="https://www.lava678.asia" rel="nofollow ugc"> สล็อตเว็บตรง </a> สมัคร ปั่นสล็อต ทดลองปั่นสล็อต

  • خرید اجاق گاز طرح فر قطعا یکی از مهمترین لوازم مربوط به آشپزخانه میباشد که درخرید آن باید دقت فراوانی داشت آیا شما میدانید کدام اجاق گاز طرح فر برای خانه شما مناسب است؟

  • تخت زیبایی چیست؟
    تخت خواب زیبایی یک ابزار مهم در صنعت مراقبتهای زیبایی و تخصص پوست مو است که در مراکز تخصصی زیبایی و کلینیکهای پوست و مو مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. این تختها به شکلی طراحی شدهاند که بیماران و مراجعین این کلینیکها به راحتی هر چه تمامتر فرآیندهای درمانی مربوط به زیبایی و مراقبتهای پوست و مو را طی کنند.همچنین متخصصان و پزشکان نیز میتوانند با استفاده از این تختها، به مناطق مورد نظر خود از پوست و موی مراجعهکننده، به بهترین نحو دسترسی داشته باشند.

    این تختهای زیبایی، دارای ویژگیهای متعددی هستند که بر اساس تکنولوژی روز دنیا و نیازهای مختلف صنایع زیبایی و مراقبت از پوست و مو، طراحی شدهاند. یکی از ویژگیهای مهم تخت و صندلی زیبایی، قابلیت تنظیم ارتفاع و شیب آن است. این قابلیت به پزشک متخصص اجازه میدهد ارتفاع و شیب مورد نیاز خود را برای انجام عملیات مورد نظر خود تنظیم کند.عالوه بر این، شیب زیر پاها نیز امکان تنظیم موقعیت مناسب را برای انجام فرآیندهای مراقبت از پوست و عملهای زیبایی فراهم میکند. قابلیتها و ویژگیهای این تختها آنقدر مفید است که قیمت تخت زیبایی یا صندلی زیبایی چندان حائز اهمیت به نظر نمیرسد،

    اما بهتر است متخصصین پوست و کلینیکداران عملهای زیبایی، این تختها را متناسب با نیاز خود خریداری نمایند. چرا که انتخاب نادرست تخت زیبایی یا صندلی زیبایی یا خرید یک محصول بیکیفیت، میتواند خسارتهای زیادی برای کلینیکداران و متخصصین پوست زیبایی به همراه داشته باشد.

  • دریچه منهول چدنی

  • کف خواب پشت بام

  • اتصالات ابزار دقیق

  • دریچه کنتور آب

  • لیست قیمت لوله و اتصالات پنج لایه نیوپایپ

  • سوله دست دوم

  • شماره تلفن تجهیزات پزشکی سه راه جمهوری

  • سایت عروسکاریو همواره در تلاش بوده تا بهترین خدمات را به مردم ایران ارائه نماید .ما در عروسکاریو بهترین تالار های عروسی را به شما معرفی میکنیم تا دیگر شما عزیزان دغدغه ای برای انتخاب تالار عروسی نداشته باشید و بهترین روز زندگی خود را در بهترین تالار جشن بگیرید.


  • <a href="https://terasacucarti.me/">Terasa Cu Carti</a> has been termed as the best content service providers , as this service is one of the common and fundamental required service for almost all Turkish series tv shows.


  • Everyone an extremely breathtaking chance to read from this blog.

  • It is very well written, and your points are well-expressed.

  • Hello, i think that i saw you visited my site this i came to “return the favor”.

  • I wan’t going to comment as this posts a bit old now, but just wanted to say thanks.

  • After study a number of the web sites for your site now, i really such as your strategy for blogging.

  • I actually honor all of your efforts that you have definitely made to create this blog post.

  • <a href="https://www.Miami900.com/" rel="nofollow ugc">Miami900</a>

    MIAMI900 (https://heylink.me/Miami900/)
    คาสิโน ออนไลน์ เป็นเว็บไซต์อันดับ 1 ของประเทศไทย สำหรับคนที่ชอบเล่นคาสิโน ออนไลน์และสล็อต ออนไลน์ เป็นเว็บพนันที่ดีที่สุดอย่าง MIAMI900 รวมของเกมคาสิโนและสล็อต ออนไลน์ต่างๆ ยอดฮิตมากมาย เช่น บาคาร่า เสือมังกร รูเล็ต แบล็คแจ็ค สล็อต และเกมอื่นๆ อีกมากมาย ให้ท่านสามารถเลือกเล่นได้ตามที่ต้องการ อย่างสนุกสนาน คาสิโน ออนไลน์ที่ดีที่สุด และ ครบวงจร มากที่สุด เต็มไปด้วยเกมคาสิโนและสล็อต ออนไลน์ มีระบบธุรกรรมการเงินที่มั่นคง ด้วยระบบฝาก - ถอนอัตโนมัติ

  • The social aspect of luxury replica sites, including community forums and social media engagement, fosters a sense of belonging and community among fashion enthusiasts.<a href="https://kmar.co.kr">남자 명품 레플리카</a>
    <a href="http://lehand.co.kr">레플리카 사이트</a>

  • this is very infromativ and entertainable website page i love i

  • Sustainable demolition practices incorporate energy-efficient equipment, waste diversion strategies, and renewable resources.<a href="https://m.place.naver.com/place/1078605375/" target="_blank">철거</a>
    <a href="https://m.place.naver.com/place/1078605375/" target="_blank">철거업체</a>
    <a href="https://m.place.naver.com/place/1078605375/" target="_blank">철거공사</a>

  • So good to discover somebody with a few unique thoughts on this subject matter.

  • Thank you for taking the time to publish this information very useful!

  • I have understand your stuff previous to and you’re just too magnificent content

  • This was a really great contest and hopefully I can attend the next one. It was alot of fun and I really enjoyed myself..

  • I actually honor all of your efforts that you have definitely made to create this blog post.

  • Really nice and interesting post. I was looking for this kind of information and enjoyed reading this one.

  • I wanted to say Appreciate providing these details, youre doing a great job with the site...

  • Customers can find replica versions of their favorite designer items at a fraction of the cost, allowing them to indulge in luxury fashion guilt-free.<a href="https://kmar.co.kr">레플리카 사이트</a>

  • Highly recommended for functional programming enthusiasts!








  • Customers can shop confidently on replica sites, knowing that they are investing in quality replicas that closely resemble the originals in appearance and design.<a href="https://kmar.co.kr">레플리카 사이트</a>
    <a href="https://m.place.naver.com/place/1078605375/">철거</a>
    <a href="https://zascer.com/">슬롯사이트</a>

  • Replica sites prioritize user experience, with intuitive navigation and secure payment options.<a href="https://kmar.co.kr">레플리카 사이트</a>
    <a href="https://m.place.naver.com/place/1078605375/">철거</a>
    <a href="https://zascer.com/">슬롯사이트</a>

  • Replica websites provide detailed product descriptions and images, allowing customers to make informed purchasing decisions<a href="https://kmar.co.kr">레플리카 사이트</a>

  • Adaptive reuse efforts aim to salvage materials from demolished buildings for sustainable construction practices.

  • Unleash your inner gambler on slot sites, where the thrill of risk and reward awaits at every turn of the reels<a href="https://zascer.com/">슬롯사이트</a>

  • https://hellokhunmor.com/
    <a href="https://hellokhunmor.com/">ดูแลสุขภาพ</a>
    [i][b][url=https://hellokhunmor.com/] ดูแลสุขภาพ [/url][/b][/i]


  • Terasa Cu Carti has been termed as the best content service providers

  • Such a clever blog work, Keep doing this kind of post, I support you

  • I’ve been following this web site. Thank you for providing a fine content!!!

  • Continue for sharing such a excellent post here. Keep on sharing, Thanks

  • This is a tremendous post Keep up the great work. Sharing is nice keep it up

  • I wanna say thank you for providing this great information. Great job

  • Very nice blog post, I like this site Keep on sharing! Goodjob bud, Thanks

  • Continue the good work! It is exciting to read article. Keep it up Thanks

  • Continue sharing such an excellent post here. Keep on sharing, Thanks

  • Hello, just wanted to say, I enjoyed this post.

  • Thank you for your useful information. I've already bookmarked your website for the future updates.

  • Thank you for taking the time to publish this information very useful!

  • Thank you for provide us useful information. I've already bookmarked webpage for the future updates.

  • What do you want to write now? I'm ready to read everything. Because I'm amazed at the thoughtfulness of your readership. what kind of readers want

  • hey i am vidya vinod, bets digital marketer in calicut. expertise in sem, seo, smm

  • hey i am vidya vinod, best digital marketing specialist in calicut.

    https://vidyavinod.com/

  • Very good and much informative content bro

  • Say, you got a nice blog.Really looking forward to read more.

  • I do believe all of the ideas you have offered on yourpost.

  • good information

    https://vidyavinod.com

  • very informative ,thank you for sharing

    I am Fathima Jumana,Certified Digital Marketing strategist in kannur Providing services like SEO, SMM, Web Designing, Content marketing etc

  • What is this article? There's a lot going on in this article. I can't stop reading it. I really want to know the person who wrote this article.

  • Fantastic read on category theory and LINQ to monads! Very enlightening.

  • I am AKHILJITH a freelance digital marketing strategist in Calicut, I will assist you in expanding your business's online presence.




    https://akhiljith.com/

  • I am AKHILJITH a freelance digital marketing strategist in Calicut, I will assist you in expanding your business's online presence.




    https://akhiljith.com/

  • I was looking it for so long , and i found it finally that i know it will help me .

  • Your explanations were clear and easy to understand, and your attention to detail was greatly appreciated. <a href="https://www.casinositesafe.com/" target="_blank" title="https://network-5018780.mn.co/posts/digitain%EC%9D%80-spadegaming-%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C-%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4-%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94">https://network-5018780.mn.co/posts/digitain%EC%9D%80-spadegaming-%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C-%ED%8F%AC%ED%8A%B8%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4-%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94</a>

  • Great insights into Category Theory and LINQ! A clear bridge from theory to practice in C#.

  • I enjoyed this article and its insights.

  • A digital marketing strategist in kannur, who expertise in SEO, SMM, SEM, Wordpress.

    I can help you with anything with my abilities.
    https://fathimaanwer.in/

  • Wow, what an insightful. I loved sections. incredibly helpful. Keep up the fantastic work—I'm looking forward to reading more of your posts!

    Check out https://angelmarias.com/ for top freelance digital marketing services in Kottayam, Kerala. Let me help your business grow with expert strategies!

  • its so interesting and mindblowing
    check out https://nehasakkeer.com/ the best digital marketing expert in Calicut ,kerala for boosting your business.

  • Great post! Loved the insights into Category Theory and LINQ. Your practical applications in C# are outstanding. Thanks for sharing!

    I'm Ashique, a BBA graduate turned Digital Marketing Strategist in Kannur, specializing in SMM, SEO, SEM, and Web Development. Passionate about connecting businesses with their audiences, I'm eager to collaborate on maximizing digital marketing potential.

  • Hello, I'm Abhilash, a freelance digital marketing strategist in Palakkad. With a deep passion for the constantly evolving landscape of digital marketing, I am dedicated to helping businesses grow and thrive online. My expertise spans across various facets of digital marketing, including SEO, content marketing, social media management, and analytics.
    https://abzdigital.in/

  • Hello, I'm Abhilash, a freelance digital marketing strategist in Palakkad. With a deep passion for the constantly evolving landscape of digital marketing, I am dedicated to helping businesses grow and thrive online. My expertise spans across various facets of digital marketing, including SEO, content marketing, social media management, and analytics.
    https://abzdigital.in/

  • I enjoy reading your post. Keep us updated!

  • Thank you for sharing this amazing piece.
    https://fathimajilna.com/

  • "Category Theory via C# (8) Advanced LINQ to Monads" delves into the integration of category theory concepts with advanced programming techniques in C#. In this segment, the focus is on leveraging LINQ (Language Integrated Query) to work with monads—a fundamental concept in category theory that encapsulates computations and their contexts. By exploring advanced LINQ techniques, this discussion reveals how monads can be implemented and manipulated within C#, enhancing the language's functional programming capabilities. The approach allows for a more abstract and mathematically grounded way to handle operations such as sequencing, chaining, and managing side effects in a structured manner, ultimately leading to more robust and elegant code.

  • "Category Theory via C# (8) Advanced LINQ to Monads" delves into the integration of category theory concepts with advanced programming techniques in C#. In this segment, the focus is on leveraging LINQ (Language Integrated Query) to work with monads—a fundamental concept in category theory that encapsulates https://cotonmode.co.uk/collections/duvet-covers computations and their contexts. By exploring advanced LINQ techniques, this discussion reveals how monads can be implemented and manipulated within C#, enhancing the language's functional programming capabilities. The approach allows for a more abstract and mathematically grounded way to handle operations such as sequencing, chaining, and managing side effects in a structured manner, ultimately leading to more robust and elegant code.

  • Creative and fun! Friday Night Funkin’ offers fun music battles and exciting challenges.

  • If you are looking for a wedding ceremony in luxury halls, we have the solution

  • That’s a great article!

  • digital marketing strategist

  • Experience top-tier logistics with Sea Drive Shipping LLC. As a leading freight forwarding company in Dubai, we offer sea, land, and air freight services, including Less Than Container Load shipping and RoRo services, through our global network, ensuring your shipments are always on time and in safe hands.
    https://seadriveshipping.com/

  • PGPLAY999 รวมจบครบทุกการเดิมพัน
    ยุคที่ธุรกิจออนไลน์เติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ว PGPLAY999 ชื่อชื่อที่เข้ามาโดยตรงส่วนใหญ่จะรวมทุกคำขอของนักพนันในที่เดียว PGPLAY999 ไม่เพียงแต่เป็นเว็บออนไลน์ที่เปิดเผยทั่วไปเป็นแพลตฟอร์มที่ไม่จำเป็นสำหรับทุกๆ รูป เหตุผลที่ทำให้ PGPLAY999 โดดเด่นและโดดเด่นในตลาด

  • https://www.vakiledadgostari.com

    وکیل دادگستری

  • หากพูดถึงเว็บไซต์คาสิโนออนไลน์ แน่นอนว่าทุกคนจะต้องรู้จัก Miami555 เว็บไซต์นี้กันดีอยู่แล้ว เพราะว่าเราคือ ผู้ให้บริการเกมการเดิมพันที่เปิดให้บริการมานานกว่า 10 ปี มาตรฐานคาสิโนออนไลน์ของเราค่อนข้างสูง หลายคนจึงเลือกที่จะเข้าร่วมเล่นเกมการเดิมพัน เข้าร่วมเล่นเกม การเดิมพันบาคาร่าออนไลน์กับเว็บไซต์ของเรา ผู้เล่นทุกท่านจะพบกับประสบการณ์ที่ยอดเยี่ยมเกี่ยวกับการเล่นเกมการเดิมพันคาสิโนออนไลน์ บาคาร่าออนไลน์เปรียบเสมือนว่าเราได้เดินทางไปเล่นคาสิโนเองที่บ่อนคาสิโน
    สมัครสมาชิก : https://www.miami555.life/

  • Pramal Prakash is renowned for his exceptional Digital Marketing Specialist in Kannur, specializing in personalized strategies that set your business apart.

  • Digital Marketing Strategist in Kannur. Let’s turn your digital dreams into reality! Feel free to connect https://sahlaabdulla.in/

  • I’m a digital marketing strategist in Kannur, passionate about helping businesses grow their online presence. With a strong focus on creating tailored marketing strategies, I aim to boost brand visibility and drive targeted traffic.

  • เว็บเดิมพันสล็อตออนไลน์ขวัญใจคอเกมสล็อต <a href="https://miami09x.com/" rel="nofollow ugc">miami09เข้าสู่ระบบ</a> บาคาร่า มาแรงอันดับ 1ในตอนนี้ ในเรื่องคุณภาพ การบริการ และมาตรฐานรองรับระดับสากล ร่วมสัมผัสประสบการณ์เดิมพัน <a href="https://miami09x.com/-miami1688/" rel="nofollow ugc">ไมอามี่09</a> ใหม่ล่าสุด 2023 แตกหนักทุกเกม ทำกำไรได้ไม่อั้น และโปรโมชั่นที่ดีที่สุดในตอนนี้ นักเดิมพันที่กำลังมองหาช่องทางสร้างรายได้เสริมและความเพลิดเพลินอย่างไม่มีที่สิ้นสุด ที่นี่เรามีเกมสล็อต คาสิโน หวย <a href="https://miami09x.com/articles" rel="nofollow ugc">miami09</a> ให้คุณเลือกเล่นไม่อั้นนับ 2,000+ เกม และรวมคาสิโนไว้แล้วที่นี่ เพียงเข้ามาสมัครสมาชิกก็ร่วมสนุกกับเกม PG POCKET GAMES SLOT ฝากถอนไม่มีขั้นต่ําด้วยระบบออโต้ ที่สุดแห่งความทันสมัย เชื่อถือได้ และรวดเร็วที่สุด คีย์ของเราพร้อม miami1688 miamislot g2g123 miami09 เข้าสู่ระบบ

  • "Check out Today News for the freshest updates! Get the scoop from Fox and CBS."

  • "Watch Today News for detailed and precise reporting. Featuring in-depth coverage from Fox and CBS."

  • Fence Installation in Shuswap
    https://maplefenceandgates.ca/fence-installation-in-shuswap/

  • Insightful. Thankyou for sharing.

  • เว็บเดิมพันสล็อตออนไลน์ขวัญใจคอเกมสล็อต <a href="https://rich1234.com/" rel="nofollow ugc">rich1234</a> บาคาร่า มาแรงอันดับ 1ในตอนนี้ ในเรื่องคุณภาพ การบริการ และมาตรฐานรองรับระดับสากล ร่วมสัมผัสประสบการณ์เดิมพัน <a href="https://rich1234.com/-rich1234/" rel="nofollow ugc">วิธีสมัคร rich1234</a> ใหม่ล่าสุด 2023 แตกหนักทุกเกม ทำกำไรได้ไม่อั้น และโปรโมชั่นที่ดีที่สุดในตอนนี้ นักเดิมพันที่กำลังมองหาช่องทางสร้างรายได้เสริมและความเพลิดเพลินอย่างไม่มีที่สิ้นสุด ที่นี่เรามีเกมสล็อต คาสิโน หวย <a href="https://rich1234.com/articles" rel="nofollow ugc">rich1234</a> ให้คุณเลือกเล่นไม่อั้นนับ 2,000+ เกม และรวมคาสิโนไว้แล้วที่นี่ เพียงเข้ามาสมัครสมาชิกก็ร่วมสนุกกับเกม PG POCKET GAMES SLOT ฝากถอนไม่มีขั้นต่ําด้วยระบบออโต้ ที่สุดแห่งความทันสมัย เชื่อถือได้ และรวดเร็วที่สุด คีย์ของเราพร้อม rich1234 riches1234 วิธีสมัคร rich1234 win9999 goatbet1234

  • เว็บเดิมพันสล็อตออนไลน์ขวัญใจคอเกมสล็อต <a href="https://rich1234.com/" rel="nofollow ugc">rich1234</a> บาคาร่า มาแรงอันดับ 1ในตอนนี้ ในเรื่องคุณภาพ การบริการ และมาตรฐานรองรับระดับสากล ร่วมสัมผัสประสบการณ์เดิมพัน <a href="https://rich1234.com/-rich1234/" rel="nofollow ugc">วิธีสมัคร rich1234</a> ใหม่ล่าสุด 2023 แตกหนักทุกเกม ทำกำไรได้ไม่อั้น และโปรโมชั่นที่ดีที่สุดในตอนนี้ นักเดิมพันที่กำลังมองหาช่องทางสร้างรายได้เสริมและความเพลิดเพลินอย่างไม่มีที่สิ้นสุด ที่นี่เรามีเกมสล็อต คาสิโน หวย <a href="https://rich1234.com/articles" rel="nofollow ugc">rich1234</a> ให้คุณเลือกเล่นไม่อั้นนับ 2,000+ เกม และรวมคาสิโนไว้แล้วที่นี่ เพียงเข้ามาสมัครสมาชิกก็ร่วมสนุกกับเกม PG POCKET GAMES SLOT ฝากถอนไม่มีขั้นต่ําด้วยระบบออโต้ ที่สุดแห่งความทันสมัย เชื่อถือได้ และรวดเร็วที่สุด คีย์ของเราพร้อม rich1234 riches1234 วิธีสมัคร rich1234 win9999 goatbet1234

  • Fence installation in Marriott
    https://maplefenceandgates.ca/fence-installation-in-marriott/

  • I believe this is a really useful article and very effective and professional.

  • I'm Fathima Risana Best Digital Marketing Expert in Calicut,Kerala Specialised in SEO|SMM|SEM|Web Designing.Digital marketing services help businesses grow online by connecting with the right audience through strategies like SEO, social media, and content creation. It's all about boosting visibility, driving traffic, and turning clicks into customers.

  • I'm Fathima Risana Best Digital Marketing Expert in Calicut,Kerala Specialised in SEO|SMM|SEM|Web Designing.Digital marketing services help businesses grow online by connecting with the right audience through strategies like SEO, social media, and content creation. It's all about boosting visibility, driving traffic, and turning clicks into customers.

  • PGPLAY999 คาสิโนออนไลน์ PG slot
    เล่นง่ายบนมือถือ เว็บตรงคาสิโนสด
    PGPLAY999 รวมเกมสล็อตมาแรงใหม่ล่าสุด สล็อตเว็บตรง เว็บเดิมพันออนไลน์ PGPLAY999.COM มั่นคง ปลอดภัย มือใหม่ก็ทำเงินได้ทันที PGPLAY999 เว็บผู้ให้บริการพนันออนไลน์น้องใหม่สุดฮอต ที่พร้อมก้าวสู่ความเป็นมือ 1 ในเกมสล็อตเว็บตรงออนไลน์ เรามาพร้อมทุกแนวเกมการเดิมพันที่ทุกท่านชื่นชอบ ยกมาแบบครบเครื่อง ไม่ว่าจะเป็น คาสิโนสด เกมสล็อตภาพสวย เดิมพันกีฬา ทางเราพร้อมบริการเกมการเดิมพันออนไลน์แบบครบวงจร โดยที่คุณสามารถทดลองเล่นได้ก่อนแบบฟรีๆ ทดลองบาคาร่า แทงบอลออนไลน์ เกมยิงปลาออนไลน์ ไพ่โป๊กเกอร์ ไฮโล รูเล็ต สล็อตเว็บตรง และหากคุณสมัครสมาชิกเข้าร่วมกับเรา คุณจะได้พบกับโปรโมชั่นดีๆ มากมาย ให้การทำเงินเป็นเรื่องง่ายขึ้น มาสนุกพร้อมสร้างรายได้กับเราได้แล้ววันนี้

  • เว็บไซต์คาสิโนออนไลน์ <ahref=”miami345th.com” rel=”nofollow ugc”>miami345</a> รวมเกมเดิมพันทุกรูปแบบ ทั้งสล็อต บาคาร่า และเกมคาสิโนสด ที่พร้อมมอบประสบการณ์การเดิมพันที่ทันสมัย ด้วยระบบฝาก-ถอนอัตโนมัติที่รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย และการบริการตลอด 24 ชั่วโมง ไม่ว่าคุณจะชื่นชอบการเล่นเกมแบบไหน ที่ <a target=”_blank” href=”miami345th.com”>MIAMI345th.com</a> คุณจะพบกับความสนุกและโปรโมชั่นสุดพิเศษที่ตอบโจทย์ทุกความต้องการของผู้เล่น
    หากคุณกำลังมองหาเว็บคาสิโนที่เชื่อถือได้ MIAMI345 คือทางเลือกที่ดีที่สุด สมัครวันนี้พร้อมรับโบนัสพิเศษมากมาย

  • Hi, I'm a freelance digital marketer from Calicut, Kerala, India. Specialized in SEO,SMM ,SEM ,Web Designing, Content marketing, Email Marketing. With a deep understanding of digital marketing strategies, I can help businesses enhance their online presence and achieve their marketing goals through tailored SEO solutions, effective social media management, and targeted search engine marketing

  • Hi, I'm a freelance digital marketer from Calicut, Kerala, India. Specialized in SEO,SMM ,SEM ,Web Designing, Content marketing, Email Marketing. With a deep understanding of digital marketing strategies, I can help businesses enhance their online presence and achieve their marketing goals through tailored SEO solutions, effective social media management, and targeted search engine marketing

  • So good to discover somebody with a few unique thoughts on this subject matter.

  • Wow! great blog post! this is interesting I'm glad I've been drop here, such a very good blog you have I hope u post more! keep posting.

  • Hi, I'm farhan a freelance digital marketer from Calicut, Kerala, India. Specialized in SEO,SMM ,SEM ,Web Designing, Content marketing, Email Marketing. With a deep understanding of digital marketing strategies, I can help businesses enhance their online presence and achieve their marketing goals through tailored SEO solutions, effective social media management, and targeted search engine marketing

  • nice

  • Siraj is a well-known digital marketer from Kozhikode who has gained recognition for his creative tactics and results-oriented style. With a focus on targeted advertising, social media management, and SEO, Siraj has aided many local companies in their digital endeavors. Thanks to his innovative campaigns and in-depth knowledge of the Kozhikode market, he has established himself as a reliable partner for companies aiming to expand their online presence. Being able to adjust to the newest trends is one of Siraj's greatest assets as a digital marketer in the area. He routinely produces remarkable returns on investment.

  • Nice post, I really enjoyed reading this article, it explains everything in a simple way

  • Telegram https://www.telegram-ios.com also adopts a modular approach similar to how monads work in functional programming. Its flexible API and support for bots enable chain-like operations, creating seamless workflows. Just like monads handle state changes and exception management, Telegram's features like message encryption and privacy settings allow users to manage their communication securely, enhancing the user experience without compromising control.

  • Telegram shares similarities with the monad structure in that both offer powerful ways to handle complex operations efficiently. For instance, Telegram’s channels and groups can be compared to monads in functional programming, where users manage information flow, privacy, and interaction in a streamlined, sequential manner. The ability to handle large-scale communication with privacy as a priority mirrors how monads manage side effects in a pure and controlled way.

  • Telegram embodies principles similar to monads, focusing on secure and predictable workflows. Just as monads manage state changes and I/O in a functional paradigm, Telegram manages user data with encrypted messages, allowing for safe, chain-like communication. These workflows, enhanced by privacy and tracking options, make Telegram a strong choice for those looking to secure their digital conversations without adding unnecessary complexity.

  • Feel interesting with the article you came up with. It's very important to me.

  • i am really impressed with this article.

  • This site exactly what I was looking for.

  • It is incredibly a comprehensive and helpful blog.

  • Your post really resonated with me. I’ve been struggling with this issue myself and your words gave me a lot to think about.

  • very excellent
    Please support us

  • Very well created. Safwan Noushad Digital Marketing Expert Calicut. Connect with me lets grow your business top level. I expertise in SEO, Social Media Marketing, Performance Marketing and Content Creation. Visit https://safwanmarketer.com/ for more.

  • I appreciate the valuable insights shared in this post! For anyone in Kollam looking for top-notch hair and beauty services, I highly recommend visiting the best family salon in Kollam. They offer a range of services, including trendy haircuts and luxury hair extensions, ensuring everyone in the family leaves feeling pampered. Additionally, if you’re searching for the best beauty parlour in Kollam, you’ll find professional hair coloring and expert rebonding that cater to all your beauty needs. It's great to see discussions around quality beauty services—keeping local options in mind can truly enhance our community!

  • I appreciate the valuable insights shared in this post! For anyone in Kollam looking for top-notch hair and beauty services, I highly recommend visiting the best family salon in Kollam. They offer a range of services, including trendy haircuts and luxury hair extensions, ensuring everyone in the family leaves feeling pampered. Additionally, if you’re searching for the best beauty parlour in Kollam, you’ll find professional hair coloring and expert rebonding that cater to all your beauty needs. It's great to see discussions around quality beauty services—keeping local options in mind can truly enhance our community!

  • เว็บไซต์คาสิโนออนไลน์ LAVA345 รวมเกมเดิมพันทุกรูปแบบ ทั้งสล็อต บาคาร่า และเกมคาสิโนสด ที่มอบประสบการณ์การเดิมพันทันสมัย ด้วยระบบฝาก-ถอนอัตโนมัติที่รวดเร็ว ปลอดภัย และมีบริการลูกค้าตลอด 24 ชั่วโมง ไม่ว่าคุณจะชื่นชอบการเล่นเกมแบบไหน ที่ LAVA345th.net คุณจะพบกับความสนุกและโปรโมชั่นพิเศษที่ตอบโจทย์ทุกความต้องการของผู้เล่น

    หากคุณกำลังมองหาเว็บคาสิโนที่เชื่อถือได้ LAVA345 คือทางเลือกที่ดีที่สุด สมัครวันนี้พร้อมรับโบนัสพิเศษมากมาย

  • Valuable information. Thank you

  • Finding a good anime streaming site can be tough, but I’m really glad I came across this one. The selection is massive, and the site is updated regularly with the latest episodes of all the popular shows. I’ve been watching Boruto here for the past few months, and it’s been smooth sailing the whole time. The subtitles are always spot-on, and the video quality is excellent. Highly recommend this site to any anime fan!

  • Chamayam Family Salon is the leading beauty parlour in Kollam, catering to the whole family. We offer a range of services, including haircuts, styling, facials, and nail care, all provided by skilled professionals using high-quality products.

  • Very good post! Thanks.

  • You know, everything you put into this article. i like it very much Can't stop reading

  • I'm Siraj, a 21-year-old Koduvally, Kozhikode native who aspires to pursue a profession in digital marketing. I recently completed a bachelor's degree in Bcom computer application, along with order to further my knowledge of online marketing tactics, I'm now enrolled in a digital marketing course at Wafae Digital Academy. With a keen interest in technology and creative marketing, I'm excited to share my expertise and advance in the field of digital marketing.

  • nice content

  • کپسول قهوه نسپرسو

  • Very soon this website will be famous among all blogging and site-building people, due to it's nice posts.

Add a Comment

As it will appear on the website

Not displayed

Your website